66
F. L. L. de Paulo and P. J. S. Camões
3 Ecological Fiscal Transfers for Water Conservation
Policies
As presented in the last section, EFTs are traditionally applied to biodiversity conservation policies and solid waste management. However, the state government can use
EFTs for other policies, such as water conservation programmes. Six out of twentysix states EFTs having adopted such a programme, implemented criteria related to
water conservation policies in Brazil (see Table 3).
Water policies vary little across states. They share some common strategies related
to water policies: water conservation, quality, protection of water sources and river,
and protection of public water supply. In the state of Goiás, the EFTs scheme for
water policies comprises five percent of the total amount dedicated to such policy
instrument (see again Fig. 1). The criteria in the scheme are based on programmes
related to water conservation and protection of public water supply at the local level,
that is, the policy instrument works as an incentive for municipalities to implement
these policies in their territories. In the state of Paraná, water policies comprise 2.5%
of the EFTs to be redistributed to municipalities. This policy instrument encourages local governments to preserve basins of superficial springs that serve the urban
centers of neighboring cities, as well as the underground springs that also help the
Table 3 Water conservation policies criteria in EFTs schemes
States
Water-related Indicators
Legislation
Goiás
Water conservation, protection of
public water supply (water quality)
Supplementary law n.º 90, 22
December 2011
Paraná
Protection of water sources
Constitution of the state of Paraná, 5
December 1989, Law n.º 9.491, 21
December 1990, Supplementary law
n.º 59, 1 October 1991,
Supplementary law n.º 67, 8 January
1993, Decree n.º 2.791, 27 December
1996, Decree n.º 3.446, 14 August
1997, Decree n.º 1.529, 2 October
2007
Pernambuco
River protection and water sources
Law n.º 15929/2016
Piauí
Protection of water sources, water
quality
Law n.º 5.813, 3 December 2008,
Decree n.º 14.348, 13 December
2010
Rio de Janeiro Water quality
Law n.º 5.100 4 October 2007,
Decree n.º 41.844, 4 May 2009
Tocantins
Water conservation
Law n.º 1.323, 4 de April 2002,
Decree n.º 1.666, 26 December 2002,
Regulation COEMA n.º 2, 4
November 2003
Source Compiled by the authors from the state legislations
F. L. L. de Paulo and P. J. S. Camões
3 Ecological Fiscal Transfers for Water Conservation
Policies
As presented in the last section, EFTs are traditionally applied to biodiversity conservation policies and solid waste management. However, the state government can use
EFTs for other policies, such as water conservation programmes. Six out of twentysix states EFTs having adopted such a programme, implemented criteria related to
water conservation policies in Brazil (see Table 3).
Water policies vary little across states. They share some common strategies related
to water policies: water conservation, quality, protection of water sources and river,
and protection of public water supply. In the state of Goiás, the EFTs scheme for
water policies comprises five percent of the total amount dedicated to such policy
instrument (see again Fig. 1). The criteria in the scheme are based on programmes
related to water conservation and protection of public water supply at the local level,
that is, the policy instrument works as an incentive for municipalities to implement
these policies in their territories. In the state of Paraná, water policies comprise 2.5%
of the EFTs to be redistributed to municipalities. This policy instrument encourages local governments to preserve basins of superficial springs that serve the urban
centers of neighboring cities, as well as the underground springs that also help the
Table 3 Water conservation policies criteria in EFTs schemes
States
Water-related Indicators
Legislation
Goiás
Water conservation, protection of
public water supply (water quality)
Supplementary law n.º 90, 22
December 2011
Paraná
Protection of water sources
Constitution of the state of Paraná, 5
December 1989, Law n.º 9.491, 21
December 1990, Supplementary law
n.º 59, 1 October 1991,
Supplementary law n.º 67, 8 January
1993, Decree n.º 2.791, 27 December
1996, Decree n.º 3.446, 14 August
1997, Decree n.º 1.529, 2 October
2007
Pernambuco
River protection and water sources
Law n.º 15929/2016
Piauí
Protection of water sources, water
quality
Law n.º 5.813, 3 December 2008,
Decree n.º 14.348, 13 December
2010
Rio de Janeiro Water quality
Law n.º 5.100 4 October 2007,
Decree n.º 41.844, 4 May 2009
Tocantins
Water conservation
Law n.º 1.323, 4 de April 2002,
Decree n.º 1.666, 26 December 2002,
Regulation COEMA n.º 2, 4
November 2003
Source Compiled by the authors from the state legislations