482
D. S. Barcellos et al.
environmental management model based on “classic environmentalism”, which is
basically based on remediation of the developmental side effects (Frey 2012). However, the mitigation of such problems is directly related to the increase of the wealth
of countries (Lee 2006).
This model has as elements the presence of qualified scientists capable of identifying problems threatening the stability of ecosystems and their respective causes.
Added to these key actors, independent media, active citizens and engaged civil society agencies. A competitive and efficient political system for creating laws, regulations and resource allocation is also necessary. All this, inserted in a strong economy
where those involved seek technological and mitigating solutions in order to maintain
the quality of life of human beings and ecosystems (Lee 2006).
The model of environmental governance based on classic environmentalism has
limits for its implementation in developing countries. According to Lee (2006), this
model was only successful in countries that were already rich, when environmental
awareness ascended in the 1970s. In poor countries there is a lack of planning and capital capacity that prevent the universalization of networks of capital-intensive infrastructures (Lee 2006). Even in the richer countries and with consolidated democracies,
there are still restrictions on the distribution of environmental services, presenting
problems at the institutional level (Frey 2012). In this case, the poorest communities
in these countries still suffer from the precariousness of basic services, especially
where economic liberalization is advancing and the retraction of the welfare state
(Frey 2012).
Based on the characteristics of environmental governance, it is observed that
the consolidation of informal articulation practices is crucial for the formation of
networks of actors that develop alternative proposals and strategies. These articulated
networks can support participatory or deliberative democracy and contribute to the
advancement of environmentalist ideas within the framework of the political and
economic systems of ecological citizenship in society (Frey 2012). Frey (2012) is
based on the idea of Dobson (2009), considering it as a model where concerns and
obligations for the common good are highlighted, and virtue and active participation
in politics are essential elements for the search of a society where the notion of
environmental justice prevails. In opposition to the liberal citizenship that neglects
the citizen’s obligations, highlighting only their rights before the State (Frey 2012).
Regarding the act of building networks, that is, reconnecting institutions, democratic
arenas of participation, sectors, people, among others, are the fears of the loss of
power and control that leads to traditional hierarchies and verticalized structures
and in the sectorization and functional separation. On the other hand, great potential
exists for the fact that unique technologies facilitate and support the formation of
networks as a new standard of social organization in the network society (Frey 2012).
D. S. Barcellos et al.
environmental management model based on “classic environmentalism”, which is
basically based on remediation of the developmental side effects (Frey 2012). However, the mitigation of such problems is directly related to the increase of the wealth
of countries (Lee 2006).
This model has as elements the presence of qualified scientists capable of identifying problems threatening the stability of ecosystems and their respective causes.
Added to these key actors, independent media, active citizens and engaged civil society agencies. A competitive and efficient political system for creating laws, regulations and resource allocation is also necessary. All this, inserted in a strong economy
where those involved seek technological and mitigating solutions in order to maintain
the quality of life of human beings and ecosystems (Lee 2006).
The model of environmental governance based on classic environmentalism has
limits for its implementation in developing countries. According to Lee (2006), this
model was only successful in countries that were already rich, when environmental
awareness ascended in the 1970s. In poor countries there is a lack of planning and capital capacity that prevent the universalization of networks of capital-intensive infrastructures (Lee 2006). Even in the richer countries and with consolidated democracies,
there are still restrictions on the distribution of environmental services, presenting
problems at the institutional level (Frey 2012). In this case, the poorest communities
in these countries still suffer from the precariousness of basic services, especially
where economic liberalization is advancing and the retraction of the welfare state
(Frey 2012).
Based on the characteristics of environmental governance, it is observed that
the consolidation of informal articulation practices is crucial for the formation of
networks of actors that develop alternative proposals and strategies. These articulated
networks can support participatory or deliberative democracy and contribute to the
advancement of environmentalist ideas within the framework of the political and
economic systems of ecological citizenship in society (Frey 2012). Frey (2012) is
based on the idea of Dobson (2009), considering it as a model where concerns and
obligations for the common good are highlighted, and virtue and active participation
in politics are essential elements for the search of a society where the notion of
environmental justice prevails. In opposition to the liberal citizenship that neglects
the citizen’s obligations, highlighting only their rights before the State (Frey 2012).
Regarding the act of building networks, that is, reconnecting institutions, democratic
arenas of participation, sectors, people, among others, are the fears of the loss of
power and control that leads to traditional hierarchies and verticalized structures
and in the sectorization and functional separation. On the other hand, great potential
exists for the fact that unique technologies facilitate and support the formation of
networks as a new standard of social organization in the network society (Frey 2012).