Urban Spaces Sustainability. Applied Study to Curitiba’s …
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In addition, 38% of the formal economic establishments of the municipality are in
the Central District (IBGE 2010).
The main sources of drinking water in Curitiba are the dams of Piraquara 1,
Piraquara 2, Iraí and Passaúna, as well as Miringuava River. The treatment for human
consumption is done in the water treatment stations-ETA- of Passaúna, Iraí, Iguaçu,
Miringuava (ANA 2010). A lack of water supply related to climate change was
documented by the inconstant presence and the decrease of surface waters (GWSE
2015). The increasing use of underground water—there are ca. 1000 wells in the 10
aquifers of Paraná (SANEPAR 2015) contributes to the extinction of these nonrenewable sources. In the search for alternative sources of water for human consumption,
using pluviometric data for residential consumption in the Central District, it is possible to say that if rain water where collected in 50% of the area of the Center District,
it would provide 92% of the current residential consumption (calculations by the
authors).
In the Brazilian context, Paraná has higher than average rates of sewage collection
and treatment. According to the Atlas of Sewage (ANA 2017), Brazil collects 61.4%
of the sewage and Paraná 65%; Brazil average of sewage treatment is 42.6% and
Paraná is 64%. In the case of Curitiba, the municipality has an installed sewage
network in 75% of the municipality and about 60% of the buildings are connected
to the network, the Central District is a critical area in this sense. The network was
installed over already consolidated areas that still aren’t connected, which causes
direct discharges into the Ivo and Belém rivers and contributes to their pollution.
The Sewage Treatment Plant-ETE- Belém, located in Boqueirão, receives part
of the municipal sewage of Curitiba, including the Central District network. It has
capacity to receive 2520 L per second and to serve 500,000 inhabitants. In February
2018, a license was granted to operate a power plant fueled with biogas generated
by the waste sludge from the ETE Belém. It is designed to generate 2.8 MW (which
supply the consumption of 2000 popular dwellings) and will use 1000 m
3 of sewage
sludge and 300 tons of organic waste/day. It is the first plant of its kind in Brazil
(Ohde 2018). This type of plants could be installed in other ETE as an alternative
and complement to hydroelectric production.
Paraná has eight hydroelectric plants connected to the national grid, the largest
of which, Itaipu, supplies 15% of Brazilian electricity consumption and 75% of
Paraguay’s (Wikipedia 2017). The energy produced in Paraná would be able to cover
30% of Brazil’s demand, a fact that is increasing, as the construction of four new
hydroelectric plants was approved in Paraná: Baixo Iguaçu, Bom Suceso do Sol,
Prudentópolis and Guarapuava (G1 2013).
However, let us remember the instability of water sources in the context of climate
change, which validates the search for sources other than hydroelectric power plants
in a prospective view. The Solar Energy Atlas of the State of Paraná (CIH 2017)
demonstrates the potential of Curitiba for the implementation of solar thermal or
photovoltaic panels. The direct normal irradiation in Curitiba is 1190 kWh/m
2 a
473
In addition, 38% of the formal economic establishments of the municipality are in
the Central District (IBGE 2010).
The main sources of drinking water in Curitiba are the dams of Piraquara 1,
Piraquara 2, Iraí and Passaúna, as well as Miringuava River. The treatment for human
consumption is done in the water treatment stations-ETA- of Passaúna, Iraí, Iguaçu,
Miringuava (ANA 2010). A lack of water supply related to climate change was
documented by the inconstant presence and the decrease of surface waters (GWSE
2015). The increasing use of underground water—there are ca. 1000 wells in the 10
aquifers of Paraná (SANEPAR 2015) contributes to the extinction of these nonrenewable sources. In the search for alternative sources of water for human consumption,
using pluviometric data for residential consumption in the Central District, it is possible to say that if rain water where collected in 50% of the area of the Center District,
it would provide 92% of the current residential consumption (calculations by the
authors).
In the Brazilian context, Paraná has higher than average rates of sewage collection
and treatment. According to the Atlas of Sewage (ANA 2017), Brazil collects 61.4%
of the sewage and Paraná 65%; Brazil average of sewage treatment is 42.6% and
Paraná is 64%. In the case of Curitiba, the municipality has an installed sewage
network in 75% of the municipality and about 60% of the buildings are connected
to the network, the Central District is a critical area in this sense. The network was
installed over already consolidated areas that still aren’t connected, which causes
direct discharges into the Ivo and Belém rivers and contributes to their pollution.
The Sewage Treatment Plant-ETE- Belém, located in Boqueirão, receives part
of the municipal sewage of Curitiba, including the Central District network. It has
capacity to receive 2520 L per second and to serve 500,000 inhabitants. In February
2018, a license was granted to operate a power plant fueled with biogas generated
by the waste sludge from the ETE Belém. It is designed to generate 2.8 MW (which
supply the consumption of 2000 popular dwellings) and will use 1000 m
3 of sewage
sludge and 300 tons of organic waste/day. It is the first plant of its kind in Brazil
(Ohde 2018). This type of plants could be installed in other ETE as an alternative
and complement to hydroelectric production.
Paraná has eight hydroelectric plants connected to the national grid, the largest
of which, Itaipu, supplies 15% of Brazilian electricity consumption and 75% of
Paraguay’s (Wikipedia 2017). The energy produced in Paraná would be able to cover
30% of Brazil’s demand, a fact that is increasing, as the construction of four new
hydroelectric plants was approved in Paraná: Baixo Iguaçu, Bom Suceso do Sol,
Prudentópolis and Guarapuava (G1 2013).
However, let us remember the instability of water sources in the context of climate
change, which validates the search for sources other than hydroelectric power plants
in a prospective view. The Solar Energy Atlas of the State of Paraná (CIH 2017)
demonstrates the potential of Curitiba for the implementation of solar thermal or
photovoltaic panels. The direct normal irradiation in Curitiba is 1190 kWh/m
2 a