338
A. Oxenswärdh
4 Sustainability as a Value and Quality Marker
Sustainability is based on the verb sustain meaning “to maintain, nourish, or encourage a phenomenon, and/or strengthen or improve it” (Sumner 2007, p. 77). The
most widely accepted definitions of sustainability focus on improving the quality of
human life without harming the environment and the capability of natural systems
(Brundtland 1987; IUCN/UNEP/WWF 1991). The sustainability approach helps
organizations work toward the goals of economic, social, and environmental sustainability and equally emphasize three pillars, which are triple-bottom line on an
organization (Perez and del Bosque 2014; Wilson 2003).
Scholars who attempted to explain corporate sustainability at the organizational
level stressed that people inside and stakeholders outside the organization should
be considered and treated ethically, and in a responsible manner while working
toward three dimensions of sustainability (Dyllick and Hockerts 2002; Wilson 2003).
According to their definitions, corporate sustainability can comprise all corporate
activities related to the pursuit of economic, social, and environmental health with the
aim of raising standards of living for shareholders, employees, customers, pressure
groups, and communities (Dyllick and Hockerts 2002; Van Marrewijk 2003).
Since WWII tourism, and mass tourism in particular has developed into an industry, and governments and developers have commonly responded with a range of
neoliberal industry policy measures. In the past twenty years, however, growing
concerns over resource depletion, climate change, increasing poverty, and global
displacement have prompted new, alternative socio-political models of tourism
guided by social, environmental, and economic sustainability ideas and practices
(Dredge and Gyimothy 2015: 294). In the shared economy, the human capital is the
asset already existing but not being used according to its potential. In this way, the
collaborative economy offers a way of overcoming barriers to innovation, investment and product diversity by making hosts and guest interacting and investing their
human capital in the creation of value-loaded and sustainable products.
5 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations
Intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence. Although, in one sense, intrinsic motivation exists within individuals, in another sense intrinsic motivation exists in the
relation between individuals and activities. Extrinsically motivated behaviours, those
that are executed because they are instrumental to some separable consequence, can
vary in the extent to which they represent self-determination (Ryan and Deci 2000).
Internalization is the process of taking in a value or regulation, and integration is the
process by which individuals more fully transform the regulation into their own so
that it will emanate from their sense of self. Thought of as a continuum, the concept of
internalization describes how one’s motivation for behaviour can range from a moti-
A. Oxenswärdh
4 Sustainability as a Value and Quality Marker
Sustainability is based on the verb sustain meaning “to maintain, nourish, or encourage a phenomenon, and/or strengthen or improve it” (Sumner 2007, p. 77). The
most widely accepted definitions of sustainability focus on improving the quality of
human life without harming the environment and the capability of natural systems
(Brundtland 1987; IUCN/UNEP/WWF 1991). The sustainability approach helps
organizations work toward the goals of economic, social, and environmental sustainability and equally emphasize three pillars, which are triple-bottom line on an
organization (Perez and del Bosque 2014; Wilson 2003).
Scholars who attempted to explain corporate sustainability at the organizational
level stressed that people inside and stakeholders outside the organization should
be considered and treated ethically, and in a responsible manner while working
toward three dimensions of sustainability (Dyllick and Hockerts 2002; Wilson 2003).
According to their definitions, corporate sustainability can comprise all corporate
activities related to the pursuit of economic, social, and environmental health with the
aim of raising standards of living for shareholders, employees, customers, pressure
groups, and communities (Dyllick and Hockerts 2002; Van Marrewijk 2003).
Since WWII tourism, and mass tourism in particular has developed into an industry, and governments and developers have commonly responded with a range of
neoliberal industry policy measures. In the past twenty years, however, growing
concerns over resource depletion, climate change, increasing poverty, and global
displacement have prompted new, alternative socio-political models of tourism
guided by social, environmental, and economic sustainability ideas and practices
(Dredge and Gyimothy 2015: 294). In the shared economy, the human capital is the
asset already existing but not being used according to its potential. In this way, the
collaborative economy offers a way of overcoming barriers to innovation, investment and product diversity by making hosts and guest interacting and investing their
human capital in the creation of value-loaded and sustainable products.
5 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations
Intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence. Although, in one sense, intrinsic motivation exists within individuals, in another sense intrinsic motivation exists in the
relation between individuals and activities. Extrinsically motivated behaviours, those
that are executed because they are instrumental to some separable consequence, can
vary in the extent to which they represent self-determination (Ryan and Deci 2000).
Internalization is the process of taking in a value or regulation, and integration is the
process by which individuals more fully transform the regulation into their own so
that it will emanate from their sense of self. Thought of as a continuum, the concept of
internalization describes how one’s motivation for behaviour can range from a moti-