175
The table also showed that the production-consumption gap in 2030 will reach
11,705.4 million tons, with 16% reduction compared to its values under traditional
cultivation in 2030. In this case, wheat self-sufficiency ratio will increase to 47%.
Furthermore, New Valley governorate in Upper Egypt will continue to attain
self-sufficiency in addition to surplus in wheat production (Table 8.7).
8.4.3.3 Application of Deficit Irrigation
From previous research conducted in Egypt on application of deficit irrigation to
wheat, we assumed that, in the old land, saving 10% of the applied water will result
in 5% yield losses. Similarly, in the new lands, saving 5% of the applied water will
result in 5% yield losses. Table 8.8 indicated that the amount of saved water under
deficit irrigation could be used to cultivate 122.7 thousand hectares, when added to
the total wheat area it will reach 1478.1 million hectares, with 8% reduction, compared to its value in 2017.
Table 8.9 indicated that the total wheat cultivated area will produced 11,883.7
million tons of wheat, with 8% reduction compared to its values in 2017.
Furthermore, wheat production-consumption gap will be reduced to 10,982.2 million ton. Wheat self-sufficiency ratio could reach 50% under deficit irrigation application. It could be noticed from the table that Behira governorate attained
self-sufficiency and surplus of wheat, in addition to New Valley governorates.
8.4.3.4 Wheat Intercropping with Other Crops
In over populated countries, implementing intercropping system offers potential
benefits over monoculture cultivation. It increase yield through more effective use
of resources, including water, nutrients, solar energy (Nasri et al. 2014).
Implementing intercropping systems can increase food availability and security
(Ouma and Jeruto 2010). Katyayan (2005) defined intercropping as a system of
management of crops which involves growing of two or more dissimilar crop species simultaneously in distinct row combination on the same piece of land. This
practice could be used as a way to improve soil fertility, increase land productivity
and save on the applied irrigation water (Kamel et al. 2010), as well as increase
water productivity as a result of using less water to irrigate two crops (Andersen
2005). Furthermore, The efficiency of the intercropping is directly depends on
proper management of the factors of production, such as the spatial arrangement of
crops and planting density, where it can reduce the competition for resources and
increase the efficiency of the system (Porto et al. 2011).
The contribution of five intercropping systems of wheat on increasing its cultivated area and production in 2030 under climate change was assessed. These five
intercropping systems are wheat intercropping with winter tomato (Abd El-Zaher
et al. 2013), cotton relay intercropped with wheat (Lamlom et al. 2018), wheat intercropping with sugar beet (Abou-Elela 2012), wheat intercropped under fruit trees,
8 Climate Change and Wheat Self-Sufficiency
The table also showed that the production-consumption gap in 2030 will reach
11,705.4 million tons, with 16% reduction compared to its values under traditional
cultivation in 2030. In this case, wheat self-sufficiency ratio will increase to 47%.
Furthermore, New Valley governorate in Upper Egypt will continue to attain
self-sufficiency in addition to surplus in wheat production (Table 8.7).
8.4.3.3 Application of Deficit Irrigation
From previous research conducted in Egypt on application of deficit irrigation to
wheat, we assumed that, in the old land, saving 10% of the applied water will result
in 5% yield losses. Similarly, in the new lands, saving 5% of the applied water will
result in 5% yield losses. Table 8.8 indicated that the amount of saved water under
deficit irrigation could be used to cultivate 122.7 thousand hectares, when added to
the total wheat area it will reach 1478.1 million hectares, with 8% reduction, compared to its value in 2017.
Table 8.9 indicated that the total wheat cultivated area will produced 11,883.7
million tons of wheat, with 8% reduction compared to its values in 2017.
Furthermore, wheat production-consumption gap will be reduced to 10,982.2 million ton. Wheat self-sufficiency ratio could reach 50% under deficit irrigation application. It could be noticed from the table that Behira governorate attained
self-sufficiency and surplus of wheat, in addition to New Valley governorates.
8.4.3.4 Wheat Intercropping with Other Crops
In over populated countries, implementing intercropping system offers potential
benefits over monoculture cultivation. It increase yield through more effective use
of resources, including water, nutrients, solar energy (Nasri et al. 2014).
Implementing intercropping systems can increase food availability and security
(Ouma and Jeruto 2010). Katyayan (2005) defined intercropping as a system of
management of crops which involves growing of two or more dissimilar crop species simultaneously in distinct row combination on the same piece of land. This
practice could be used as a way to improve soil fertility, increase land productivity
and save on the applied irrigation water (Kamel et al. 2010), as well as increase
water productivity as a result of using less water to irrigate two crops (Andersen
2005). Furthermore, The efficiency of the intercropping is directly depends on
proper management of the factors of production, such as the spatial arrangement of
crops and planting density, where it can reduce the competition for resources and
increase the efficiency of the system (Porto et al. 2011).
The contribution of five intercropping systems of wheat on increasing its cultivated area and production in 2030 under climate change was assessed. These five
intercropping systems are wheat intercropping with winter tomato (Abd El-Zaher
et al. 2013), cotton relay intercropped with wheat (Lamlom et al. 2018), wheat intercropping with sugar beet (Abou-Elela 2012), wheat intercropped under fruit trees,
8 Climate Change and Wheat Self-Sufficiency