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Abdelraouf et al. (2013) indicated that application of 75% of wheat water requirements under sprinkler irrigation in sandy soil resulted in only 3% reduction in wheat
yield as a result of applying 100% of NPK via fertigation pump. This practice
reduced the leaching of fertilizer, improved plants growth and reduce yield losses
under deduction of 25% of the applied irrigation water. Similarly, Taha and Ouda
(2016) indicated that application of deficit irrigation for wheat, where 11% saving
in the applied water was practiced in sandy soil using sprinkler system and fertigation in 80% of irrigation time resulted in 2% yield losses only. The low percentage
of yield losses under fertigation in 80% of irrigation time was resulted from increasing fertilizer use efficiency. In clay soil of Egypt, Abdrabbo et al. (2013) indicated
that saving 20% of the applied water to wheat grown under drip irrigation resulted
in 8% yield losses. Whereas, Karrou et al. (2012) revealed that application of 78%
of full irrigation to wheat grown under surface irrigation resulted in 5% yield losses.
6.2.3 Irrigation Water Savings Techniques for Wheat
6.2.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Wheat
Table 6.1 presented the collected data of cultivated area and productivity of wheat
in the old and new lands on governorate level, as well as the calculated values of the
required irrigation water.
The table indicated that the highest cultivated area of wheat in Lower Egypt
existed in Behira governorate, i.e. 122.2 thousand hectares in the old lands. In
Middle Egypt, the highest cultivated area existed in Minya governorate, namely
91.7 thousand hectares in the old lands. In Upper Egypt, the highest cultivated area
was found in Assuit governorate, namely 80.5 thousand hectares. In the new lands,
the highest cultivated area existed in Behira governorate in Lower Egypt, i.e. 54.1
thousand hectares. Similarly, the highest cultivated area in Middle and Upper Egypt
were found in Minya and New Valley governorates, namely 4.5 and 63.5 thousand
hectares. In the bordered governorates, Marsa Matrouh has the highest cultivated
area of wheat, namely 3.9 thousand hectares. The total cultivated area of the old and
new lands were 989.5 and 227.9 thousand hectares, respectively. These areas produced 6983.4 and 1431.1 million tons of wheat in the old and new lands, respectively and consumed 6733.8 and 1255.4 billion cubic of irrigation water in the old
and new lands, respectively (Table 6.1).
Table 6.2 indicated that the highest total wheat cultivated area in Lower, Middle
and Upper Egypt was found in Behira, Minya and Assuit governorates. The table
also showed that total cultivated area of wheat was 1217.4 million hectares, produced 8414.5 million tons of wheat and consumed 7989.2 billion cubic meters of
irrigation water.
A. E.-H. Zohry and S. Ouda
Abdelraouf et al. (2013) indicated that application of 75% of wheat water requirements under sprinkler irrigation in sandy soil resulted in only 3% reduction in wheat
yield as a result of applying 100% of NPK via fertigation pump. This practice
reduced the leaching of fertilizer, improved plants growth and reduce yield losses
under deduction of 25% of the applied irrigation water. Similarly, Taha and Ouda
(2016) indicated that application of deficit irrigation for wheat, where 11% saving
in the applied water was practiced in sandy soil using sprinkler system and fertigation in 80% of irrigation time resulted in 2% yield losses only. The low percentage
of yield losses under fertigation in 80% of irrigation time was resulted from increasing fertilizer use efficiency. In clay soil of Egypt, Abdrabbo et al. (2013) indicated
that saving 20% of the applied water to wheat grown under drip irrigation resulted
in 8% yield losses. Whereas, Karrou et al. (2012) revealed that application of 78%
of full irrigation to wheat grown under surface irrigation resulted in 5% yield losses.
6.2.3 Irrigation Water Savings Techniques for Wheat
6.2.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Wheat
Table 6.1 presented the collected data of cultivated area and productivity of wheat
in the old and new lands on governorate level, as well as the calculated values of the
required irrigation water.
The table indicated that the highest cultivated area of wheat in Lower Egypt
existed in Behira governorate, i.e. 122.2 thousand hectares in the old lands. In
Middle Egypt, the highest cultivated area existed in Minya governorate, namely
91.7 thousand hectares in the old lands. In Upper Egypt, the highest cultivated area
was found in Assuit governorate, namely 80.5 thousand hectares. In the new lands,
the highest cultivated area existed in Behira governorate in Lower Egypt, i.e. 54.1
thousand hectares. Similarly, the highest cultivated area in Middle and Upper Egypt
were found in Minya and New Valley governorates, namely 4.5 and 63.5 thousand
hectares. In the bordered governorates, Marsa Matrouh has the highest cultivated
area of wheat, namely 3.9 thousand hectares. The total cultivated area of the old and
new lands were 989.5 and 227.9 thousand hectares, respectively. These areas produced 6983.4 and 1431.1 million tons of wheat in the old and new lands, respectively and consumed 6733.8 and 1255.4 billion cubic of irrigation water in the old
and new lands, respectively (Table 6.1).
Table 6.2 indicated that the highest total wheat cultivated area in Lower, Middle
and Upper Egypt was found in Behira, Minya and Assuit governorates. The table
also showed that total cultivated area of wheat was 1217.4 million hectares, produced 8414.5 million tons of wheat and consumed 7989.2 billion cubic meters of
irrigation water.
A. E.-H. Zohry and S. Ouda