96
more inhibitory effect compared to water stress in later stage (30 day stage). Tomato
plants are very sensitive to water stress during and immediately after transplanting,
at flowering and during fruit development (Nuruddin 2001). Decreases in chlorophyll content and electrolyte leakage were reported by Kirnak et al. (2001) under
water stress, which resulted in reduced vegetative growth and fruit yield. Additionally,
Nyabundi and Hsia (2009) reported that tomato plants subjected to different levels
Table 5.7 Water productivity (kg/ha) of onion under traditional cultivation, raised beds cultivation
and deficit irrigation application
Traditional
cultivation
Raised beds cultivation
Deficit irrigation application
With added
area
Without added
area
With added
area
Without added
area
Lower Egypt
Alexandria
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.4
4.7
Behira
5.9
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.3
Gharbia
4.4
6.2
6.4
4.9
5.1
Kafr El
Sheikh
4.6
6.6
6.6
5.0
5.3
Dakahlia
4.1
4.7
5.9
4.5
4.7
Damietta
4.1
5.7
5.7
4.4
4.7
Sharkia
3.8
5.3
5.4
4.1
4.3
Ismailia
3.8
4.5
4.5
3.8
4.0
Suez
4.3
5.3
5.3
4.4
4.7
Menoufia
4.3
6.1
6.2
5.9
4.9
Qalyubia
4.5
6.2
6.4
6.2
5.1
Average
4.4
5.7
5.8
4.9
4.9
Middle Egypt
Giza
3.1
4.2
4.4
4.4
3.5
Bani Sweif
4.2
5.0
5.0
5.2
4.5
Fayoum
4.2
5.4
5.5
5.6
4.6
Minya
4.5
5.4
5.5
5.6
4.9
Average
4.0
5.0
5.1
5.2
4.4
Upper Egypt
Assiut
3.9
5.7
5.6
5.4
4.5
Sohag
4.6
5.3
5.3
5.5
4.9
Qena
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.3
3.9
Luxor
2.8
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.1
Aswan
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.2
New Valley
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.6
4.4
Average
3.8
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.0
Border governorates
Marsa
Matrouh
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
Average
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
Overall
average
3.6
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.9
S. Ouda et al.