Both methodologies have proven effective in promoting the biodegradation and
detoxification of several types of hazardous waste, as witnessed by the consistent
body of literature on this subject. Therefore, composting and compost addition are
mature stage bioremediation technologies provided that a meticulous preliminary
characterization of the polluted matrix and a tight control over environmental variables ensure that the process runs correctly.
References
Adam IKU, Rein A, Miltner A, Fulgêncio ACD, Trapp S, Kästner M (2014) Experimental results
and integrated modeling of bacterial growth on an insoluble hydrophobic substrate (Phenanthrene). Environ Sci Technol 48(15):8717–8726. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500004z
Adam IKU, Miltner A, Kästner M (2015) Degradation of
13 C-labeled pyrene in soil-compost
mixtures and fertilized soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(22):9813–9824. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00253-015-6822-8
Table 23.2 Examples of successful composting studies dealing with PPCPs and other
micropollutants documenting feasibility of the method toward these micropollutants
Compounds
Composting substrate
% of
removal References
Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamide
antimicrobial antibiotics)
10:1:0.2 v/v/v sewage sludge, spruce
bark and coarse garden waste, and
mature sludge compost
26–48
Vasskog
et al. (2009)
Salinomycin (antibacterial
and coccidiostat ionophore)
Poultry manure, hay C:N—25:1
99
Ramaswamy
et al. (2010)
Chlortetracycline (synthetic
antibiotic)
Broiler manure or hen manure
90
Bao et al.
(2009)
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin,
ofloxacin (fluoroquinolone
antibiotic)
3:4 v/v peat and anaerobically
digested sludge
46–95
Vasskog
et al. (2009)
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and citalopram
(antidepressants)
Anaerobically digested sludge
0–83
Martín et al.
(2015)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(plastifier, plastic additive)
2:1 w/w raw sludge and secondary
sludge with 10% sheep manure
60–97
Pakou et al.
(2009)
Nonylphenols (plastifier,
components of surfactants)
10:1 w/w anaerobically digested
sludge and dry wheat
88
Gibson et al.
(2007)
Nonylphenols (plastifier,
components of surfactants)
43:57, 65:35, and 84:16 v/v anaerobically digested sludge and wood
shavings
50–80
Xia et al.
(2005)
Nonylphenols (plastifier,
components of surfactants)
1:1:1 v/v/v sewage sludge, straw, and
garden park waste
75–95
Moeller and
Reeh (2003)
Adapted from Semblante et al. (2015) and extended
All the composting processes included a thermophilic phase with temperatures higher than 50
C
488
O. Lhotský et al.
detoxification of several types of hazardous waste, as witnessed by the consistent
body of literature on this subject. Therefore, composting and compost addition are
mature stage bioremediation technologies provided that a meticulous preliminary
characterization of the polluted matrix and a tight control over environmental variables ensure that the process runs correctly.
References
Adam IKU, Rein A, Miltner A, Fulgêncio ACD, Trapp S, Kästner M (2014) Experimental results
and integrated modeling of bacterial growth on an insoluble hydrophobic substrate (Phenanthrene). Environ Sci Technol 48(15):8717–8726. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500004z
Adam IKU, Miltner A, Kästner M (2015) Degradation of
13 C-labeled pyrene in soil-compost
mixtures and fertilized soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(22):9813–9824. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00253-015-6822-8
Table 23.2 Examples of successful composting studies dealing with PPCPs and other
micropollutants documenting feasibility of the method toward these micropollutants
Compounds
Composting substrate
% of
removal References
Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamide
antimicrobial antibiotics)
10:1:0.2 v/v/v sewage sludge, spruce
bark and coarse garden waste, and
mature sludge compost
26–48
Vasskog
et al. (2009)
Salinomycin (antibacterial
and coccidiostat ionophore)
Poultry manure, hay C:N—25:1
99
Ramaswamy
et al. (2010)
Chlortetracycline (synthetic
antibiotic)
Broiler manure or hen manure
90
Bao et al.
(2009)
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin,
ofloxacin (fluoroquinolone
antibiotic)
3:4 v/v peat and anaerobically
digested sludge
46–95
Vasskog
et al. (2009)
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and citalopram
(antidepressants)
Anaerobically digested sludge
0–83
Martín et al.
(2015)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(plastifier, plastic additive)
2:1 w/w raw sludge and secondary
sludge with 10% sheep manure
60–97
Pakou et al.
(2009)
Nonylphenols (plastifier,
components of surfactants)
10:1 w/w anaerobically digested
sludge and dry wheat
88
Gibson et al.
(2007)
Nonylphenols (plastifier,
components of surfactants)
43:57, 65:35, and 84:16 v/v anaerobically digested sludge and wood
shavings
50–80
Xia et al.
(2005)
Nonylphenols (plastifier,
components of surfactants)
1:1:1 v/v/v sewage sludge, straw, and
garden park waste
75–95
Moeller and
Reeh (2003)
Adapted from Semblante et al. (2015) and extended
All the composting processes included a thermophilic phase with temperatures higher than 50
C
488
O. Lhotský et al.