Wang J, Wang S (2018) Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem Eng J 334:1502–1517. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.059
Wang Y, Ao Z, Sun H, Duan X, Wang S (2016) Activation of peroxymonosulfate by carbonaceous
oxygen groups: experimental and density functional theory calculations. Appl Catal B
198:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.075
Wang Z, Ai L, Huang Y, Zhang J, Li S, Chen J, Yang F (2017) Degradation of azo dye with
activated peroxygens: when zero-valent iron meets chloride. RSC Adv 7(49):30941–30948.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03872k
Watts RJ (2011) Final report. Enhanced reactant-contaminant contact through the use of persulfate
in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). SERDP Project ER-1489. Washington State University
Watts RJ, Howsawkeng J, Teel AL (2005) Destruction of a carbon tetrachloride dense nonaqueous
phase liquid by modified Fenton’s reagent. J Environ Eng 131(7):1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.
1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:7(1114)
Weber LWD, Boll M, Stampfl A (2003) Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes:
carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol 33(2):105–136. https://doi.org/
10.1080/713611034
Wei Z, Villamena FA, Weavers LK (2017) Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasonic activation of
persulfate: an in situ EPR spin trapping study. Environ Sci Technol 51(6):3410–3417. https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05392
Xiao R, Luo Z, Wei Z, Luo S, Spinney R, Yang W, Dionysiou DD (2018) Activation of
peroxymonosulfate/persulfate by nanomaterials for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation
technologies. Curr Opin Chem Eng 19:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2017.12.005
Xu M, Du H, Gu X, Lu S, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2014a) Generation and intensity of active oxygen species in
thermally activated persulfate systems for the degradation of trichloroethylene. RSC Adv 4
(76):40511–40517. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA04942J
Xu M, Gu X, Lu S, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2014b) Role of reactive oxygen species for 1,1,1-trichloroethane
degradation in a thermally activated persulfate system. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(3):1056–1063.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie403689d
Yang S, Wang P, Yang X, Shan L, Zhang W, Shao X, Niu R (2010) Degradation efficiencies of azo
dye Acid Orange 7 by the interaction of heat, UV and anions with common oxidants: persulfate,
peroxymonosulfate and hydrogen peroxide. J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):552–558. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.039
Ye T, Wei Z, Spinney R, Tang C-J, Luo S, Xiao R, Dionysiou DD (2017) Chemical structure-based
predictive model for the oxidation of trace organic contaminants by sulfate radical. Water Res
116:106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.015
Yuan S, Liao P, Alshawabkeh AN (2014) Electrolytic manipulation of persulfate reactivity by iron
electrodes for trichloroethylene degradation in groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 48
(1):656–663. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404535q
Zhang T, Chen Y, Wang Y, Le Roux J, Yang Y, Croué J-P (2014) Efficient peroxydisulfate
activation process not relying on sulfate radical generation for water pollutant degradation.
Environ Sci Technol 48(10):5868–5875. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501218f
Zhang B-T, Zhang Y, Teng Y, Fan M (2015) Sulfate radical and its application in decontamination
technologies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45(16):1756–1800. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10643389.2014.970681
Zhao D, Liao X, Yan X, Huling SG, Chai T, Tao H (2013) Effect and mechanism of persulfate
activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil. J Hazard Mater 254–255:228–235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.056
Zhao L, Hou H, Fujii A, Hosomi M, Li F (2014) Degradation of 1,4-dioxane in water with heat- and
Fe
2+ -activated persulfate oxidation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(12):7457–7465. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-014-2668-3
9 Radical Reactions and Their Application for Water Treatment
219
10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.059
Wang Y, Ao Z, Sun H, Duan X, Wang S (2016) Activation of peroxymonosulfate by carbonaceous
oxygen groups: experimental and density functional theory calculations. Appl Catal B
198:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.075
Wang Z, Ai L, Huang Y, Zhang J, Li S, Chen J, Yang F (2017) Degradation of azo dye with
activated peroxygens: when zero-valent iron meets chloride. RSC Adv 7(49):30941–30948.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03872k
Watts RJ (2011) Final report. Enhanced reactant-contaminant contact through the use of persulfate
in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). SERDP Project ER-1489. Washington State University
Watts RJ, Howsawkeng J, Teel AL (2005) Destruction of a carbon tetrachloride dense nonaqueous
phase liquid by modified Fenton’s reagent. J Environ Eng 131(7):1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.
1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:7(1114)
Weber LWD, Boll M, Stampfl A (2003) Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes:
carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol 33(2):105–136. https://doi.org/
10.1080/713611034
Wei Z, Villamena FA, Weavers LK (2017) Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasonic activation of
persulfate: an in situ EPR spin trapping study. Environ Sci Technol 51(6):3410–3417. https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05392
Xiao R, Luo Z, Wei Z, Luo S, Spinney R, Yang W, Dionysiou DD (2018) Activation of
peroxymonosulfate/persulfate by nanomaterials for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation
technologies. Curr Opin Chem Eng 19:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2017.12.005
Xu M, Du H, Gu X, Lu S, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2014a) Generation and intensity of active oxygen species in
thermally activated persulfate systems for the degradation of trichloroethylene. RSC Adv 4
(76):40511–40517. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA04942J
Xu M, Gu X, Lu S, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2014b) Role of reactive oxygen species for 1,1,1-trichloroethane
degradation in a thermally activated persulfate system. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(3):1056–1063.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie403689d
Yang S, Wang P, Yang X, Shan L, Zhang W, Shao X, Niu R (2010) Degradation efficiencies of azo
dye Acid Orange 7 by the interaction of heat, UV and anions with common oxidants: persulfate,
peroxymonosulfate and hydrogen peroxide. J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):552–558. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.039
Ye T, Wei Z, Spinney R, Tang C-J, Luo S, Xiao R, Dionysiou DD (2017) Chemical structure-based
predictive model for the oxidation of trace organic contaminants by sulfate radical. Water Res
116:106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.015
Yuan S, Liao P, Alshawabkeh AN (2014) Electrolytic manipulation of persulfate reactivity by iron
electrodes for trichloroethylene degradation in groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 48
(1):656–663. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404535q
Zhang T, Chen Y, Wang Y, Le Roux J, Yang Y, Croué J-P (2014) Efficient peroxydisulfate
activation process not relying on sulfate radical generation for water pollutant degradation.
Environ Sci Technol 48(10):5868–5875. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501218f
Zhang B-T, Zhang Y, Teng Y, Fan M (2015) Sulfate radical and its application in decontamination
technologies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45(16):1756–1800. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10643389.2014.970681
Zhao D, Liao X, Yan X, Huling SG, Chai T, Tao H (2013) Effect and mechanism of persulfate
activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil. J Hazard Mater 254–255:228–235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.056
Zhao L, Hou H, Fujii A, Hosomi M, Li F (2014) Degradation of 1,4-dioxane in water with heat- and
Fe
2+ -activated persulfate oxidation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(12):7457–7465. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-014-2668-3
9 Radical Reactions and Their Application for Water Treatment
219