layered on iron pipelines to shield them against corrosion. Galvanized pipelines are
utilized during the construction of the boreholes [61]. It acts a significant function in
the development of male reproductive system, therefore, considered as the masculine element. It also serves as a co-factor for a number of enzymes for their
activation such as carbonic anhydrase. Deficiency of Zn may cause anaemia,
growth and reproduction impairment, when consumed in excess it causes toxicity
which includes irritation, muscular stiffness, loss of appetite, nausea, etc. Though,
Zn is an essential element but high concentration causes muscular stiffness, nausea
and loss of apetite [62].
Copper (Cu)
Copper is a vital trace element which helps in human, animal and plant metabolism.
The natural source of Cu in water is probable enrichment from aquifer resources
such as feldspar, biotite, and muscovite minerals. Sometimes, the corrosion of
copper pipes becomes the major source of Cu in drinking water. Organic and
inorganic compounds of copper are extensively applied as farming pesticide sprays.
The big amount of Zn intake may cause Wilson’s disease. High concentration of Cu
causes discoloration and corrosion of pipes and utensil and amplifies the risk of
lung cancer in human [48].
Aluminum (Al)
Al is the third most plentiful element present in the earth’s crust [63]. Al found
naturally in the environment. Mining and handing out of Al raises its amount in the
environment. The mobilization of noxious Al ions, consequential from transform in
the pH of soil and water owing to the acid rains and rising acidification of the
neighbouring atmosphere, has an undesirable consequence on the environment [64].
Al in elevated values is extremely noxious for aquatic animals, particularly for gill
breathing living such as fish, originating osmoregulatory collapse by decimating the
plasma and hemolymph ions [65]. Metabolic path in the living organism concerning
Ca, PO 4 , F and Fe metabolism are influenced by Al. Al has been establish to be
very injurious to nervous, osseous and hemopoietic cells [64].
Lead (Pb)
The increasing concentration of Pb in water may be due to the liberation of Pb
adsorption of marine sediments, from dust transferring via atmosphere and continental shell erosion (chemical weathering), precipitation and deposition of airborne
aerosols containing Pb (Hem 1991) [61, 66]. Commercial products such lead
storage batteries, electroplating, constriction material, ceramic and dyes, paints,
glassware and gasoline are the main source of the lead in the environment [67].
Low concentration may be harmful to the human if taken for a long time period as it
stored and accumulated in bones [68]. Lead is a non-biodegradable and a teratogen
which is extremely harmful as it can cause cardiovascular diseases and damage the
central and peripheral nervous system (Singh et al. 2011). Toxicity of Pb, also
known as lead poisoning, can be either acute or chronic. Acute contact can cause
thrashing of hunger, headache, hypertension, abdominal pain, kidney dysfunction,
50
S. Madhav et al.
utilized during the construction of the boreholes [61]. It acts a significant function in
the development of male reproductive system, therefore, considered as the masculine element. It also serves as a co-factor for a number of enzymes for their
activation such as carbonic anhydrase. Deficiency of Zn may cause anaemia,
growth and reproduction impairment, when consumed in excess it causes toxicity
which includes irritation, muscular stiffness, loss of appetite, nausea, etc. Though,
Zn is an essential element but high concentration causes muscular stiffness, nausea
and loss of apetite [62].
Copper (Cu)
Copper is a vital trace element which helps in human, animal and plant metabolism.
The natural source of Cu in water is probable enrichment from aquifer resources
such as feldspar, biotite, and muscovite minerals. Sometimes, the corrosion of
copper pipes becomes the major source of Cu in drinking water. Organic and
inorganic compounds of copper are extensively applied as farming pesticide sprays.
The big amount of Zn intake may cause Wilson’s disease. High concentration of Cu
causes discoloration and corrosion of pipes and utensil and amplifies the risk of
lung cancer in human [48].
Aluminum (Al)
Al is the third most plentiful element present in the earth’s crust [63]. Al found
naturally in the environment. Mining and handing out of Al raises its amount in the
environment. The mobilization of noxious Al ions, consequential from transform in
the pH of soil and water owing to the acid rains and rising acidification of the
neighbouring atmosphere, has an undesirable consequence on the environment [64].
Al in elevated values is extremely noxious for aquatic animals, particularly for gill
breathing living such as fish, originating osmoregulatory collapse by decimating the
plasma and hemolymph ions [65]. Metabolic path in the living organism concerning
Ca, PO 4 , F and Fe metabolism are influenced by Al. Al has been establish to be
very injurious to nervous, osseous and hemopoietic cells [64].
Lead (Pb)
The increasing concentration of Pb in water may be due to the liberation of Pb
adsorption of marine sediments, from dust transferring via atmosphere and continental shell erosion (chemical weathering), precipitation and deposition of airborne
aerosols containing Pb (Hem 1991) [61, 66]. Commercial products such lead
storage batteries, electroplating, constriction material, ceramic and dyes, paints,
glassware and gasoline are the main source of the lead in the environment [67].
Low concentration may be harmful to the human if taken for a long time period as it
stored and accumulated in bones [68]. Lead is a non-biodegradable and a teratogen
which is extremely harmful as it can cause cardiovascular diseases and damage the
central and peripheral nervous system (Singh et al. 2011). Toxicity of Pb, also
known as lead poisoning, can be either acute or chronic. Acute contact can cause
thrashing of hunger, headache, hypertension, abdominal pain, kidney dysfunction,
50
S. Madhav et al.