56. Gao, L., Lian, C., Zhou, Y., Yan, L., Li, Q., Zhang, C., et al. (2014). Graphene oxide–DNA
based sensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 60, 22–29.
57. Sudibya, H. G., He, Q., Zhang, H., & Chen, P. (2011). Electrical detection of metal ions
using field-effect transistors based on micropatterned reduced graphene oxide films. ACS
Nano, 5(3), 1990–1994.
58. Chouteau, C., Dzyadevych, S., Durrieu, C., & Chovelon, J.-M. (2005). A bi-enzymatic
whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water
samples. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 21(2), 273–281.
59. Huang, Y., Dong, X., Liu, Y., Li, L.-J., & Chen, P. (2011). Graphene-based biosensors for
detection of bacteria and their metabolic activities. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(33),
12358–12362.
60. Zu, H., Wu, H., & Wang, Q.-M. (2016). High-temperature piezoelectric crystals for acoustic
wave sensor applications. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency
Control, 63(3), 486–505.
61. Levitskii, R., Zachek, I., Verkholyak, T., & Moina, A. (2003). Dielectric, piezoelectric, and
elastic properties of the Rochelle salt NaKC 4 H 4 O 6Á 4 H 2 O: A theory. Physical
Review B, 67(17), 174112.
62. Fukada, E. (2000). History and recent progress in piezoelectric polymers. IEEE Transactions
on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 47(6), 1277–1290.
63. König, B., & Grätzel, M. (1993). Detection of human T-lymphocytes with a piezoelectric
immunosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta, 281(1), 13–18.
64. Muramatsu, H., Watanabe, Y., Hikuma, M., Ataka, T., Kubo, I., Tamiya, E., et al. (1989).
Piezoelectric crystal biosensor system for detection of Escherichia coli. Analytical Letters,
22(9), 2155–2166.
65. Wittung-Stafshede, P., Rodahl, M., Kasemo, B., Nielsen, P., & Norden, B. (2000). Detection
of point mutations in DNA by PNA-based quartz-crystal biosensor. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 174(1–2), 269–273.
66. Tombelli, S., Mascini, M., Braccini, L., Anichini, M., & Turner, A. P. (2000). Coupling of a
DNA piezoelectric biosensor and polymerase chain reaction to detect apolipoprotein E
polymorphisms. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 15(7–8), 363–370.
67. Chang, M.-S., & Shih, J.-S. (2000). Fullerene–cryptand-coated piezoelectric crystal
membrane glucose enzyme sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 67(3), 275–281.
68. Pancrazio, J. J., Whelan, J., Borkholder, D. A., Ma, W., & Stenger, D. A. (1999).
Development and application of cell-based biosensors. Annals of Biomedical Engineering,
27(6), 697–711.
69. El-Ansary, A., & Faddah, L. M. (2010). Nanoparticles as biochemical sensors.
Nanotechnology, science and applications, 3, 65.
70. Nikolelis, D. P., & Siontorou, C. G. (1995). Bilayer lipid membranes for flow injection
monitoring of acetylcholine, urea, and penicillin. Analytical Chemistry, 67(5), 936–944.
71. Chen, J., & Chiu, S. (2000). Composite hydrogel membrane for urease immobilization to
enhance urea hydrolysis rate. Enyzme and Microbiology Technology, 26, 359–367.
72. Priyadarshini, E., & Pradhan, N. (2017). Gold nanoparticles as efficient sensors in
colorimetric detection of toxic metal ions: a review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical,
238, 888–902.
73. Xue, Y., Zhao, H., Wu, Z., Li, X., He, Y., & Yuan, Z. (2011). Colorimetric detection of Cd
2 + using gold nanoparticles cofunctionalized with 6-mercaptonicotinic acid and l-cysteine.
Analyst, 136(18), 3725–3730.
74. Zhang, M., Liu, Y.-Q., & Ye, B.-C. (2012). Colorimetric assay for parallel detection of Cd 2
+, Ni 2+ and Co 2+ using peptide-modified gold nanoparticles. Analyst, 137(3), 601–607.
75. Ejeian, F., Etedali, P., Mansouri-Tehrani, H.-A., & Soozanipour, A., Low, Z.-X., Asadnia,
M., Taheri-Kafrani, A., & Razmjou, A. (2018). Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A
review. Biosensors and Bioelectronics
208
R. Sinha et al.
based sensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 60, 22–29.
57. Sudibya, H. G., He, Q., Zhang, H., & Chen, P. (2011). Electrical detection of metal ions
using field-effect transistors based on micropatterned reduced graphene oxide films. ACS
Nano, 5(3), 1990–1994.
58. Chouteau, C., Dzyadevych, S., Durrieu, C., & Chovelon, J.-M. (2005). A bi-enzymatic
whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water
samples. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 21(2), 273–281.
59. Huang, Y., Dong, X., Liu, Y., Li, L.-J., & Chen, P. (2011). Graphene-based biosensors for
detection of bacteria and their metabolic activities. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(33),
12358–12362.
60. Zu, H., Wu, H., & Wang, Q.-M. (2016). High-temperature piezoelectric crystals for acoustic
wave sensor applications. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency
Control, 63(3), 486–505.
61. Levitskii, R., Zachek, I., Verkholyak, T., & Moina, A. (2003). Dielectric, piezoelectric, and
elastic properties of the Rochelle salt NaKC 4 H 4 O 6Á 4 H 2 O: A theory. Physical
Review B, 67(17), 174112.
62. Fukada, E. (2000). History and recent progress in piezoelectric polymers. IEEE Transactions
on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 47(6), 1277–1290.
63. König, B., & Grätzel, M. (1993). Detection of human T-lymphocytes with a piezoelectric
immunosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta, 281(1), 13–18.
64. Muramatsu, H., Watanabe, Y., Hikuma, M., Ataka, T., Kubo, I., Tamiya, E., et al. (1989).
Piezoelectric crystal biosensor system for detection of Escherichia coli. Analytical Letters,
22(9), 2155–2166.
65. Wittung-Stafshede, P., Rodahl, M., Kasemo, B., Nielsen, P., & Norden, B. (2000). Detection
of point mutations in DNA by PNA-based quartz-crystal biosensor. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 174(1–2), 269–273.
66. Tombelli, S., Mascini, M., Braccini, L., Anichini, M., & Turner, A. P. (2000). Coupling of a
DNA piezoelectric biosensor and polymerase chain reaction to detect apolipoprotein E
polymorphisms. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 15(7–8), 363–370.
67. Chang, M.-S., & Shih, J.-S. (2000). Fullerene–cryptand-coated piezoelectric crystal
membrane glucose enzyme sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 67(3), 275–281.
68. Pancrazio, J. J., Whelan, J., Borkholder, D. A., Ma, W., & Stenger, D. A. (1999).
Development and application of cell-based biosensors. Annals of Biomedical Engineering,
27(6), 697–711.
69. El-Ansary, A., & Faddah, L. M. (2010). Nanoparticles as biochemical sensors.
Nanotechnology, science and applications, 3, 65.
70. Nikolelis, D. P., & Siontorou, C. G. (1995). Bilayer lipid membranes for flow injection
monitoring of acetylcholine, urea, and penicillin. Analytical Chemistry, 67(5), 936–944.
71. Chen, J., & Chiu, S. (2000). Composite hydrogel membrane for urease immobilization to
enhance urea hydrolysis rate. Enyzme and Microbiology Technology, 26, 359–367.
72. Priyadarshini, E., & Pradhan, N. (2017). Gold nanoparticles as efficient sensors in
colorimetric detection of toxic metal ions: a review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical,
238, 888–902.
73. Xue, Y., Zhao, H., Wu, Z., Li, X., He, Y., & Yuan, Z. (2011). Colorimetric detection of Cd
2 + using gold nanoparticles cofunctionalized with 6-mercaptonicotinic acid and l-cysteine.
Analyst, 136(18), 3725–3730.
74. Zhang, M., Liu, Y.-Q., & Ye, B.-C. (2012). Colorimetric assay for parallel detection of Cd 2
+, Ni 2+ and Co 2+ using peptide-modified gold nanoparticles. Analyst, 137(3), 601–607.
75. Ejeian, F., Etedali, P., Mansouri-Tehrani, H.-A., & Soozanipour, A., Low, Z.-X., Asadnia,
M., Taheri-Kafrani, A., & Razmjou, A. (2018). Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A
review. Biosensors and Bioelectronics
208
R. Sinha et al.