Another major organic contaminants of wastewater are pesticides. Nowicka et al.
discussed in his paper that electrochemical DNA biosensors was developed for the
detection of atrazine, 2,4-D, glufosinate ammonium, paraoxon-ethyl, carbofuran
and difluorobenzuron pesticides. In DNA biosensors immobilized single stranded
DNA on the surface binds with its complementary DNA. An example of such
severe DNA damaging pesticide is atrazine [99].
Various amperometric microbial biosensors were developed for detection of
organophosphate pesticides such as paraoxon methyl parathion, parathion, fenitrothion and ethyl pnitrophenol thiobenzenephosphonate (EPN) [100]. Su et al. and
Lagarde et al. reported that some optical microbial biosensors are helpful in
detection of pollutants such as phenols and heavy metals present in wastewater.
Kumar et al. reported that for detection of parathion pesticide, colorimetric
microbial biosensors are used. [101–103].
5.2 Biosensors for Microbial Contaminants
Microbial populations present in wastewater like bacteria, protozoa, viruses are the
major contributor of water pollution. These microbial contaminants affects water
quality and make water unfit for drinking as well as affect the quality of seafood.
Presence of these pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater is the major causes of
serious life threatening diseases. Presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic
microorganism in wastewater depends upon the type of effluents from different
sources [104].
Some non-pathogenic microorganisms fecal bacteria (like E. coli, total coliforms, and RNA bacteriophagesare also present in wastewater but they are not
harmful as other pathogenic microorganisms. Due to these harmful effects it
becomes necessary to develop methods to treat microbial contaminated water
before discharge. Conventional methods which are used for microbial detection
have several disadvantages associated like low detection, less sensitivity towards
detection, required more time in detection. In order to overcome above discussed
disadvantages at present biosensors becomes an attractive approach for detection of
microorganism present in wastewater [105–107]. Biosensors for microbe detection
generally contain biological component like nucleic acid, antibodies, enzymes
connected with transducer.
He et al. reported that poiezoelectric biosensors are very efficient, simple and
cost effective in bacterial detection. Use of PZ biosensors in detection of wide
spectrum microorganisms was reported by Plomer et al. and Le et al. . Vibrio
cholera was detected by using PZ immunosensor [108–111].
Bao et al. reported the detection Staphylococcus epidermidis using quartz crystal
microbalance (QCM) sensor. Quartz crystal microbalance is also used in detection
of Escherichia coli [109] and Salmonella [112, 113]. Abbaspour et al. reported an
electrochemical aptasensor used in Staphylococcus aureus detection in wastewater
[114].
Materials in Bio-Sensing of Water Pollutants
203
discussed in his paper that electrochemical DNA biosensors was developed for the
detection of atrazine, 2,4-D, glufosinate ammonium, paraoxon-ethyl, carbofuran
and difluorobenzuron pesticides. In DNA biosensors immobilized single stranded
DNA on the surface binds with its complementary DNA. An example of such
severe DNA damaging pesticide is atrazine [99].
Various amperometric microbial biosensors were developed for detection of
organophosphate pesticides such as paraoxon methyl parathion, parathion, fenitrothion and ethyl pnitrophenol thiobenzenephosphonate (EPN) [100]. Su et al. and
Lagarde et al. reported that some optical microbial biosensors are helpful in
detection of pollutants such as phenols and heavy metals present in wastewater.
Kumar et al. reported that for detection of parathion pesticide, colorimetric
microbial biosensors are used. [101–103].
5.2 Biosensors for Microbial Contaminants
Microbial populations present in wastewater like bacteria, protozoa, viruses are the
major contributor of water pollution. These microbial contaminants affects water
quality and make water unfit for drinking as well as affect the quality of seafood.
Presence of these pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater is the major causes of
serious life threatening diseases. Presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic
microorganism in wastewater depends upon the type of effluents from different
sources [104].
Some non-pathogenic microorganisms fecal bacteria (like E. coli, total coliforms, and RNA bacteriophagesare also present in wastewater but they are not
harmful as other pathogenic microorganisms. Due to these harmful effects it
becomes necessary to develop methods to treat microbial contaminated water
before discharge. Conventional methods which are used for microbial detection
have several disadvantages associated like low detection, less sensitivity towards
detection, required more time in detection. In order to overcome above discussed
disadvantages at present biosensors becomes an attractive approach for detection of
microorganism present in wastewater [105–107]. Biosensors for microbe detection
generally contain biological component like nucleic acid, antibodies, enzymes
connected with transducer.
He et al. reported that poiezoelectric biosensors are very efficient, simple and
cost effective in bacterial detection. Use of PZ biosensors in detection of wide
spectrum microorganisms was reported by Plomer et al. and Le et al. . Vibrio
cholera was detected by using PZ immunosensor [108–111].
Bao et al. reported the detection Staphylococcus epidermidis using quartz crystal
microbalance (QCM) sensor. Quartz crystal microbalance is also used in detection
of Escherichia coli [109] and Salmonella [112, 113]. Abbaspour et al. reported an
electrochemical aptasensor used in Staphylococcus aureus detection in wastewater
[114].
Materials in Bio-Sensing of Water Pollutants
203