been developed for environmentally harmful trace metals such as Cr, Al, U, Fe, Ti,
V, Mo. etc. which are very difficult to deposit on the surface of electrodes [103].
Stripping analysis provides important and highly accurate information on metal
speciation. Varying oxidation states of metals can be measured by adjusting the
stripping protocol, controlling solution or deposition profiles. Errors due to metal
contamination or loss can also be monitored in-situ in this technique.
4.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as Modifiers
MIPs are highly stable and specific that holds great potential to substitute enzymes,
antibodies and other natural receptors in sensing technology. Three major criteria
for designing of MIP based electrochemical sensors:
• High-sensitive transducer which are very capable in monitoring the binding and
transformation of analyte into processed signal;
• Developing of polymers that interacts with the template-analyte under specific
conditions with high affinity, selectivity and specificity;
• Integrating of MIP with transducer.
MIP Potentiometric sensors was first synthesized using electropolymerization of
para-aminophenol and aniline for detection of phenols, amines and pyrrole [104].
Monomers react with themselves and target molecules acts as templates forming
molecule specific polymers. Pyrrole, aromatic amines, substituted amines and
phenolic compounds, based MIPs were prepared by copolymerization process.
MIP-based amperometric device for the detection of aniline and phenol were
developed. Their basic principle of functioning involves adsorption of target
molecule on the template of MIP. Potentiometric sensors for the analysis and
detection of lead and uranyl ions in aqueous medium were developed using
5-Vinylsalicylaldoxime ligand based MIPs [105].
4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors are a proved to be breakthrough in electrochemical
detection of pollutants. They are miniaturized electrochemical devices that are used
for sensing pollution and are work at low detection limit of analyte and at very low
sample volume [106, 107]. Their development depends mainly on basis of their
sensitivity, specificity and parallelism. The electrodes used in these devices converts biological signals into output signals. The present necessity is to design highly
specific sensing devices leading to development of biosensors. Electrochemical
biosensors holds advantages such as extended miniaturization, enhance selectivity,
high specificity and real-time monitoring of the samples [108]. Electrodes applied
174
A. Ojha
V, Mo. etc. which are very difficult to deposit on the surface of electrodes [103].
Stripping analysis provides important and highly accurate information on metal
speciation. Varying oxidation states of metals can be measured by adjusting the
stripping protocol, controlling solution or deposition profiles. Errors due to metal
contamination or loss can also be monitored in-situ in this technique.
4.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as Modifiers
MIPs are highly stable and specific that holds great potential to substitute enzymes,
antibodies and other natural receptors in sensing technology. Three major criteria
for designing of MIP based electrochemical sensors:
• High-sensitive transducer which are very capable in monitoring the binding and
transformation of analyte into processed signal;
• Developing of polymers that interacts with the template-analyte under specific
conditions with high affinity, selectivity and specificity;
• Integrating of MIP with transducer.
MIP Potentiometric sensors was first synthesized using electropolymerization of
para-aminophenol and aniline for detection of phenols, amines and pyrrole [104].
Monomers react with themselves and target molecules acts as templates forming
molecule specific polymers. Pyrrole, aromatic amines, substituted amines and
phenolic compounds, based MIPs were prepared by copolymerization process.
MIP-based amperometric device for the detection of aniline and phenol were
developed. Their basic principle of functioning involves adsorption of target
molecule on the template of MIP. Potentiometric sensors for the analysis and
detection of lead and uranyl ions in aqueous medium were developed using
5-Vinylsalicylaldoxime ligand based MIPs [105].
4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors are a proved to be breakthrough in electrochemical
detection of pollutants. They are miniaturized electrochemical devices that are used
for sensing pollution and are work at low detection limit of analyte and at very low
sample volume [106, 107]. Their development depends mainly on basis of their
sensitivity, specificity and parallelism. The electrodes used in these devices converts biological signals into output signals. The present necessity is to design highly
specific sensing devices leading to development of biosensors. Electrochemical
biosensors holds advantages such as extended miniaturization, enhance selectivity,
high specificity and real-time monitoring of the samples [108]. Electrodes applied
174
A. Ojha