183
Richardson RD, Holland EJ, Carpenter BK (2011) A renewable amine for photochemical reduction of CO 2 . Nat Chem 3:301–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1000
Sasirekha N, Basha SJS, Shanthi K (2006) Photocatalytic performance of Ru doped anatase
mounted on silica for reduction of carbon dioxide. Appl Catal B Environ 62:169–180. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.07.009
Shehzad N, Tahir M, Johari K, et al (2018) A critical review on TiO 2 based photocatalytic
CO 2 reduction system: strategies to improve efficiency. J CO 2 Util 26:98–122. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.04.026
Shimamura T, Okumura K, Nakagawa K et al (2004) Direct formation of formaldehyde from
methane and carbon dioxide over vanadium oxide catalysts. J Mol Catal A Chem 211:97–102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLCATA.2003.09.026
Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (2007) Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
Subrahmanyam M, Kaneco S, Alonso-Vante N (1999) A screening for the photo reduction of carbon dioxide supported on metal oxide catalysts for C 1 -C 3 selectivity. Appl Catal B Environ
23:169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00079-X
Union of Concerned Scientists (2018) Each Country’s share of CO2 emissions | Union of
Concerned Scientists. In: Union Concerned Sci. https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/
science-and-impacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html#.W_Dg5uhKg2w. Accessed 24
Feb 2019
Vitali D, Rossetti I, Galli F et al (2016) CO 2 photoreduction at high pressure to both gas and liquid
products over titanium dioxide. Appl Catal B Environ 200:386–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcatb.2016.07.038
Wang W, Wang S, Ma X, Gong J (2011) Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon
dioxide. Chem Soc Rev 40:3703. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15008a
Watson RT, Zinyowera MC, Moss RH, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working
Group II (1996) Climate change, 1995: impacts, adaptations, and mitigation of climate change:
scientific-technical analyses: contribution of working group II to the second assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Wu J, Huang Y, Ye W, Li Y (2017) CO 2 reduction: from the electrochemical to photochemical
approach. Adv Sci 4:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700194
Xu H, Ouyang S, Li P et al (2013) High-active anatase TiO 2 nanosheets exposed with 95%{100}
facets toward efficient H 2 evolution and CO 2 photoreduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
5:1348–1354
Yang CC, Vernimmen J, Meynen V et al (2011) Mechanistic study of hydrocarbon formation
in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction over Ti-SBA-15. J Catal 284:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jcat.2011.08.005
Yanghe F, Dengrong S, Yongjuan C et al (2012) An amine-functionalized titanium metal–organic
framework Photocatalyst with visible-light-induced activity for CO 2 reduction. Angew Chem
Int Ed 51:3364–3367. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201108357
Yu C-H, Huang C-H, Tan C-S (2012) A review of CO 2 capture by absorption and adsorption.
Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:745–769. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.05.0132
Zemanová A, Semenova O, Kroupa A et al (2007) Assessment of thermodynamic properties and
phase diagram in the Ag-in-Pd system. Intermetallics 15:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
intermet.2006.03.002
Zhai Q, Xie S, Fan W et al (2013) Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide with water into
methane: platinum and copper(I) oxide co-catalysts with a core-shell structure. Angew Chem
Int Ed 52:5776–5779. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301473
Zhang N, Ouyang S, Kako T, Ye J (2012) Mesoporous zinc germanium oxynitride for CO 2 photoreduction under visible light. Chem Commun 48:1269–1271. https://doi.org/10.1039/
c2cc16900b
Zhang W, Sun Y, Wei S et al (2017) Atomic layer confined vacancies for atomic-level insights into
carbon dioxide electroreduction. Nat Commun 8:14503. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14503
6 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Formaldehyde
Richardson RD, Holland EJ, Carpenter BK (2011) A renewable amine for photochemical reduction of CO 2 . Nat Chem 3:301–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1000
Sasirekha N, Basha SJS, Shanthi K (2006) Photocatalytic performance of Ru doped anatase
mounted on silica for reduction of carbon dioxide. Appl Catal B Environ 62:169–180. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.07.009
Shehzad N, Tahir M, Johari K, et al (2018) A critical review on TiO 2 based photocatalytic
CO 2 reduction system: strategies to improve efficiency. J CO 2 Util 26:98–122. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.04.026
Shimamura T, Okumura K, Nakagawa K et al (2004) Direct formation of formaldehyde from
methane and carbon dioxide over vanadium oxide catalysts. J Mol Catal A Chem 211:97–102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLCATA.2003.09.026
Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (2007) Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
Subrahmanyam M, Kaneco S, Alonso-Vante N (1999) A screening for the photo reduction of carbon dioxide supported on metal oxide catalysts for C 1 -C 3 selectivity. Appl Catal B Environ
23:169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00079-X
Union of Concerned Scientists (2018) Each Country’s share of CO2 emissions | Union of
Concerned Scientists. In: Union Concerned Sci. https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/
science-and-impacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html#.W_Dg5uhKg2w. Accessed 24
Feb 2019
Vitali D, Rossetti I, Galli F et al (2016) CO 2 photoreduction at high pressure to both gas and liquid
products over titanium dioxide. Appl Catal B Environ 200:386–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcatb.2016.07.038
Wang W, Wang S, Ma X, Gong J (2011) Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon
dioxide. Chem Soc Rev 40:3703. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15008a
Watson RT, Zinyowera MC, Moss RH, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working
Group II (1996) Climate change, 1995: impacts, adaptations, and mitigation of climate change:
scientific-technical analyses: contribution of working group II to the second assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Wu J, Huang Y, Ye W, Li Y (2017) CO 2 reduction: from the electrochemical to photochemical
approach. Adv Sci 4:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700194
Xu H, Ouyang S, Li P et al (2013) High-active anatase TiO 2 nanosheets exposed with 95%{100}
facets toward efficient H 2 evolution and CO 2 photoreduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
5:1348–1354
Yang CC, Vernimmen J, Meynen V et al (2011) Mechanistic study of hydrocarbon formation
in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction over Ti-SBA-15. J Catal 284:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jcat.2011.08.005
Yanghe F, Dengrong S, Yongjuan C et al (2012) An amine-functionalized titanium metal–organic
framework Photocatalyst with visible-light-induced activity for CO 2 reduction. Angew Chem
Int Ed 51:3364–3367. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201108357
Yu C-H, Huang C-H, Tan C-S (2012) A review of CO 2 capture by absorption and adsorption.
Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:745–769. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.05.0132
Zemanová A, Semenova O, Kroupa A et al (2007) Assessment of thermodynamic properties and
phase diagram in the Ag-in-Pd system. Intermetallics 15:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
intermet.2006.03.002
Zhai Q, Xie S, Fan W et al (2013) Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide with water into
methane: platinum and copper(I) oxide co-catalysts with a core-shell structure. Angew Chem
Int Ed 52:5776–5779. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301473
Zhang N, Ouyang S, Kako T, Ye J (2012) Mesoporous zinc germanium oxynitride for CO 2 photoreduction under visible light. Chem Commun 48:1269–1271. https://doi.org/10.1039/
c2cc16900b
Zhang W, Sun Y, Wei S et al (2017) Atomic layer confined vacancies for atomic-level insights into
carbon dioxide electroreduction. Nat Commun 8:14503. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14503
6 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Formaldehyde