101
allowed to display improved CO 2 electromechanical reduction. Significant electrochemical cell performance exceeding 500 h was demonstrated experimentally on
the current density of 3.5 V cell voltage at 140 mAcm
−2
(Yang et al. 2017).
Jeremy T. Feaster et al. (2017) reported combined investigational and hypothetical inspection of electrochemical reduction from CO 2 to HCOO
−
on polycrystalline Sn surfaces. Result shows that the Sn electrode produces potential of
HCOO− carbon monoxide and hydrogen and makes HCOO− productivity large
negative value than −0.8 V vs. RHE which reaches highest efficiency of 70%
−0.9 V vs. RHE. ∗OCHO is the major outcome for CO 2 RR HCOO
−
convergence,
and the best in the Sn ∗OCHO binding energy supports large selection for HCOO
(Feaster et al. 2017).
4.4 Miscellaneous Methods
Existing industrial method include methyl formate/formamide oxidation for conversion of formic acid, etc. There are two reasons behind reduction of CO 2 into formic
acid; one is CO 2 consumption and second is hydrogen storage (Grasemann and
Laurenczy 2012; Reutemann and Kieczka 2016; Wang and Himeda 2012; Xu et al.
2011; Jessop et al. 1999; Alvarez et al. 2017).
Yoshio Inoue et al. in 1976 brand new synthesized formic acid from carbon and
hydrogen catalytically by the variety of VIIIth group transition-metal complexes
and bases in the existence of water much less expensive compared to the equal
amount in the catalyst. After that, much effort may be dedicated to this industry of
catalysis (Inoue et al. 1976).
Francuois Hutschka et al. (1997) investigated the mechanism from the rhodiumcatalyzed reduction of CO 2 to formic acid by making use of the complex
[(Ph 2 P(CH 2 ) 3 PPh 2 )Rh(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)] in DMSO/NEt 3 (Fig. 4.6). The
kinetic data shows the mechanism in which formic acid formed as limiting product
via two reversible reactions first with CO 2 and with H 2 which are catalytically active
species. The theoretical calculations present the complete catalytic cycle of CO 2
reduction (Hutschka et al. 1997).
Chuanqi Yin et al. (2001) had studied experimentally and observed the strong
impact of normal consumable water in the catalyst reduction of CO 2 to formic acid
using TpRu(PPh 3 )(CH 3 CN)H species. Metallic formato species are in the balance,
and the growth of another metal increases rapidly; the second formato species have
H 2 O coordinated, which is intramolecularly hydrogen-bound format ligand.
TpRu(PPh 3 )(H 2 O)H can transfer hydrides and protons to CO 2 at the same time, in
the proposed method for forming formic acid, which is itself converted into horizontal hydroxo species that are associated with H 2 molecule (Yin et al. 2001).
Kohsuke Mori et al. (2017) presented an electron-rich Ru catalyst having layered
double hydroxides which was capable to create strong Brønsted OH
−
ligands
(Fig. 4.7), which successfully absorb CO 2 in the vicinity of active Ru center, in the
4 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Formic Acid
allowed to display improved CO 2 electromechanical reduction. Significant electrochemical cell performance exceeding 500 h was demonstrated experimentally on
the current density of 3.5 V cell voltage at 140 mAcm
−2
(Yang et al. 2017).
Jeremy T. Feaster et al. (2017) reported combined investigational and hypothetical inspection of electrochemical reduction from CO 2 to HCOO
−
on polycrystalline Sn surfaces. Result shows that the Sn electrode produces potential of
HCOO− carbon monoxide and hydrogen and makes HCOO− productivity large
negative value than −0.8 V vs. RHE which reaches highest efficiency of 70%
−0.9 V vs. RHE. ∗OCHO is the major outcome for CO 2 RR HCOO
−
convergence,
and the best in the Sn ∗OCHO binding energy supports large selection for HCOO
(Feaster et al. 2017).
4.4 Miscellaneous Methods
Existing industrial method include methyl formate/formamide oxidation for conversion of formic acid, etc. There are two reasons behind reduction of CO 2 into formic
acid; one is CO 2 consumption and second is hydrogen storage (Grasemann and
Laurenczy 2012; Reutemann and Kieczka 2016; Wang and Himeda 2012; Xu et al.
2011; Jessop et al. 1999; Alvarez et al. 2017).
Yoshio Inoue et al. in 1976 brand new synthesized formic acid from carbon and
hydrogen catalytically by the variety of VIIIth group transition-metal complexes
and bases in the existence of water much less expensive compared to the equal
amount in the catalyst. After that, much effort may be dedicated to this industry of
catalysis (Inoue et al. 1976).
Francuois Hutschka et al. (1997) investigated the mechanism from the rhodiumcatalyzed reduction of CO 2 to formic acid by making use of the complex
[(Ph 2 P(CH 2 ) 3 PPh 2 )Rh(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)] in DMSO/NEt 3 (Fig. 4.6). The
kinetic data shows the mechanism in which formic acid formed as limiting product
via two reversible reactions first with CO 2 and with H 2 which are catalytically active
species. The theoretical calculations present the complete catalytic cycle of CO 2
reduction (Hutschka et al. 1997).
Chuanqi Yin et al. (2001) had studied experimentally and observed the strong
impact of normal consumable water in the catalyst reduction of CO 2 to formic acid
using TpRu(PPh 3 )(CH 3 CN)H species. Metallic formato species are in the balance,
and the growth of another metal increases rapidly; the second formato species have
H 2 O coordinated, which is intramolecularly hydrogen-bound format ligand.
TpRu(PPh 3 )(H 2 O)H can transfer hydrides and protons to CO 2 at the same time, in
the proposed method for forming formic acid, which is itself converted into horizontal hydroxo species that are associated with H 2 molecule (Yin et al. 2001).
Kohsuke Mori et al. (2017) presented an electron-rich Ru catalyst having layered
double hydroxides which was capable to create strong Brønsted OH
−
ligands
(Fig. 4.7), which successfully absorb CO 2 in the vicinity of active Ru center, in the
4 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Formic Acid