pg/kg or
pg/L
(ppq)
ng/kg or
ng/L
(ppt)
μg/kg or μg/L
(ppb)
mg/kg or mg/L
(ppm)
g/kg or g/L (‰)
10g/kg or 10 g/L
(%)
Dioxin in breast milk
(e.g. 0.0192 pg I-TEQ/kg fat)
PAC‘s in drinking water
(Methylnaphthalene: 2.4 ng/L)
Heavy metals in drinking water
(Arsenic: e.g. 620 μg/L)
Nitrate in drinking water
(e.g. 45 mg/kg)
Alcohol in blood
(0.8 ‰ aŌer drinking approx.
1 L of beer)
Alcohol in drinks
(Beer: 5 %)
Fig. 1.2 Ranges of concentrations and amounts for organic analysis with some exemplifying
values (data adapted from Benoit et al. 1979; Solomon and Weiss 2002; Gupta et al. 2000;
Mebrahtu and Zerabruk 2011)
Substance
propert ies
Chromatography
DetecƟon
Medium to highly
volat ile lipophilic
(non-polar to semi
polar)
Gas
Chromatography
(GC)
Liquid
chromatography
(LC)
flame ionizaƟon detector
(FID),
mass spectrometry (MS)
MS,
infrared spectrometry (IR),
ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Highly volat ile,
polar,
macromolecular
LC
(high performance
LC, gel permeat ion
chromatography)
UV-Vis, MS
Macromolecular
Pyrolysis-GC
(or chem.
degradat ion)
MS, FID
extractable
non-extractable
Fig. 1.3 Combination of analytical methods adapted to chemical properties of analytes
1 Introductory Aspects
3