432
H. Jin
identified as a marker of cancer stem cells, it is also shown cancer stem-like properties
and resistance to treatment in CD44 +/CD24 − TNBC [167]. Thus, targeting CD44
is a possible option in TNBC treatment.
Researchers from Jordan [168] describe a RNA aptamer modified by 2
-
fluoropyrimidine (Apt1). The aptamer specifically binds to CD44 positive cells,
especially when conjugated to liposomes [169]. In the following studies [170], Apt1
was used in a siRNA delivery system to target TNBC. The result showed that this
system effectively targets the CD44-expressing tumors and suppresses tumor growth
in vivo.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [171] is an overexpressed protein in
over 60% of TNBC accompany with poor outcome, which also means EGFR is an
ideally clinical target in TNBC [172].
Esposito et al. [173] generated a nuclease-resistant RNA aptamer (CL4). This
aptamer binds to the extracellular domain IV of human EGFR with a KD of 10 nM.
CL4 can inhibit the receptor in EGFR-positive cells including non-small cell lung
carcinoma (NSCLC), glioblastoma (GBM), and TNBC [109, 174], this group further
identifies the function of CL4 aptamer as inhibitor for EGFR-integrin αvβ3 interaction, VM and tumor growth in a xenograft TNBC model. These results indicate that
CL4 has the potential to be a promising tool in treating EGFR-positive TNBC [108].
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cancer and incurs almost one-quarter of all cancer
deaths [146]. Lung cancer survival is mostly determined by the stage, and the laterstage diagnosis is a determining factor of high mortality from the disease. Therefore,
efficient early diagnosis and targeted therapy are important and effective means to
reduce the occurrence and development of lung cancer. Among the two main types
of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer
(SCLC). NSCLC accounts for 85–90% of all lung cancer cases [175]. Moreover,
there are limited tumor-specific biomarkers for NSCLCs which brings challenges to
the precision treatment of lung cancer.
Simultaneous detection of multiple tumor biomarkers in body fluids could facilitate early diagnosis of lung cancer. Wang et al. [176] described a multi-parameter
paper-based electrochemical aptasensor for simultaneous detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in a clinical sample with
high sensitivity and specificity. Multi-parameter aptasensor exhibited good linearity
in ranges of 0.01–500 ng mL
−1 for CEA (R
2
= 0.989) and 0.05–500 ng mL
−1 for
NSE (R
2
= 0.944), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2 pg mL
−1 for
CEA and 10 pg mL
−1 for NSE. Besides, the device was evaluated using clinical
serum samples and received a good correlation with electrochemical luminescence
(ECL) equipment, a point-of-care utility for rapid testing of cancer biomarkers.
A research group from Russia selects a DNA aptamer based on lung adenocarcinoma cells derived from postoperative tissues [177], named LC-18. LC-18 presents a
high affinity to lung cancer tissue and circulating tumor cells in the blood (KD 38 nM).
H. Jin
identified as a marker of cancer stem cells, it is also shown cancer stem-like properties
and resistance to treatment in CD44 +/CD24 − TNBC [167]. Thus, targeting CD44
is a possible option in TNBC treatment.
Researchers from Jordan [168] describe a RNA aptamer modified by 2
-
fluoropyrimidine (Apt1). The aptamer specifically binds to CD44 positive cells,
especially when conjugated to liposomes [169]. In the following studies [170], Apt1
was used in a siRNA delivery system to target TNBC. The result showed that this
system effectively targets the CD44-expressing tumors and suppresses tumor growth
in vivo.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [171] is an overexpressed protein in
over 60% of TNBC accompany with poor outcome, which also means EGFR is an
ideally clinical target in TNBC [172].
Esposito et al. [173] generated a nuclease-resistant RNA aptamer (CL4). This
aptamer binds to the extracellular domain IV of human EGFR with a KD of 10 nM.
CL4 can inhibit the receptor in EGFR-positive cells including non-small cell lung
carcinoma (NSCLC), glioblastoma (GBM), and TNBC [109, 174], this group further
identifies the function of CL4 aptamer as inhibitor for EGFR-integrin αvβ3 interaction, VM and tumor growth in a xenograft TNBC model. These results indicate that
CL4 has the potential to be a promising tool in treating EGFR-positive TNBC [108].
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cancer and incurs almost one-quarter of all cancer
deaths [146]. Lung cancer survival is mostly determined by the stage, and the laterstage diagnosis is a determining factor of high mortality from the disease. Therefore,
efficient early diagnosis and targeted therapy are important and effective means to
reduce the occurrence and development of lung cancer. Among the two main types
of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer
(SCLC). NSCLC accounts for 85–90% of all lung cancer cases [175]. Moreover,
there are limited tumor-specific biomarkers for NSCLCs which brings challenges to
the precision treatment of lung cancer.
Simultaneous detection of multiple tumor biomarkers in body fluids could facilitate early diagnosis of lung cancer. Wang et al. [176] described a multi-parameter
paper-based electrochemical aptasensor for simultaneous detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in a clinical sample with
high sensitivity and specificity. Multi-parameter aptasensor exhibited good linearity
in ranges of 0.01–500 ng mL
−1 for CEA (R
2
= 0.989) and 0.05–500 ng mL
−1 for
NSE (R
2
= 0.944), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2 pg mL
−1 for
CEA and 10 pg mL
−1 for NSE. Besides, the device was evaluated using clinical
serum samples and received a good correlation with electrochemical luminescence
(ECL) equipment, a point-of-care utility for rapid testing of cancer biomarkers.
A research group from Russia selects a DNA aptamer based on lung adenocarcinoma cells derived from postoperative tissues [177], named LC-18. LC-18 presents a
high affinity to lung cancer tissue and circulating tumor cells in the blood (KD 38 nM).