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H. Jin
14.4.1.2 Solid Tumor
Cancer is one of the fatal diseases in the world. Although a continuous decline in
cancer motility occurs since 1991, according to the data from the American Cancer
Society (ACS), approximately 4950 new invasive cancer cases were diagnosed each
day [146]. It brings a big burden to the world. The progress for early and accurate
cancer diagnosis and effective precision treatment is slowing for cancer because of the
heterogeneities of solid tumor, or lack of effective biomarker. Aptamer as a new tool
presents a hopeful prospective future for clinical application. Here we summarized
a part of the preclinical work for diagnosis and target therapy with aptamer on solid
cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, gynecological cancer, and colon cancer.
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is currently the second leading cause of death among women in the
world [146], although the death rate was declined over the most recent 5-year period,
the breast cancer incidence is slightly increased by 0.3% per year [147], Early detection and effective targeted therapy are the main goals to reduce the occurrence of
breast cancer and further improve the survival rate of breast cancer. Aptamer, as an
emerging tool in recent years, has a tremendous development in preclinical research,
summarized here are the aptamers that are promising to enter the clinical application
for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in the near future.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, also known as Neu, ErB2, CD340 or P185) is an important biomarker and therapeutic target that is overexpressed in breast tumor cases and is strongly associated with increased disease
recurrence and poor prognosis. Liu et al. [148] successfully selected the HER2
aptamer (HB5) in 2015, this aptamer bound cells with a KD of 18.9 nM. It can
also specifically bound to the extracellular domain of HER2 protein with a KD of
316 nM [149]. Chu et al. used this aptamer to perform immunohistochemistry (IHC)
successfully on 214 breast cancer samples, the results are consistent with the FDAapproved commercial HER2 testing kit [150]. In another study, Zhou et al. [151]
developed a quasi-targeted proteomics assay based on HER2 HB5 aptamer,the efficiency of this aptamer–peptide probe on detecting the expression of HER2 validated
36 pairs of human breast primary tumors and adjacent normal tissue samples, the
results were highly concordant with that of IHC with reflex testing fluorescent in situ
hybridization.
Heo et al. [152] combined aHER2-specific aptamer (Kd = 0.42 nM) with magnetic
nanocrystals (MNCs) to develop a modified T2 contrast agent, this agent has a high
relaxivity and specificity to HER2, which elevated the in vivo MRI enhance ability
up to 150% in HER2-positive mouse tumor models.
HER2 aptamer can also be conjugated with the radioisotope
18 F to perform
positron emission tomography (PET), a study from Kim group [153] validated
18 F
PET imaging of a HER2 aptamer in a mouse model of breast cancer, the preliminary
H. Jin
14.4.1.2 Solid Tumor
Cancer is one of the fatal diseases in the world. Although a continuous decline in
cancer motility occurs since 1991, according to the data from the American Cancer
Society (ACS), approximately 4950 new invasive cancer cases were diagnosed each
day [146]. It brings a big burden to the world. The progress for early and accurate
cancer diagnosis and effective precision treatment is slowing for cancer because of the
heterogeneities of solid tumor, or lack of effective biomarker. Aptamer as a new tool
presents a hopeful prospective future for clinical application. Here we summarized
a part of the preclinical work for diagnosis and target therapy with aptamer on solid
cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, gynecological cancer, and colon cancer.
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is currently the second leading cause of death among women in the
world [146], although the death rate was declined over the most recent 5-year period,
the breast cancer incidence is slightly increased by 0.3% per year [147], Early detection and effective targeted therapy are the main goals to reduce the occurrence of
breast cancer and further improve the survival rate of breast cancer. Aptamer, as an
emerging tool in recent years, has a tremendous development in preclinical research,
summarized here are the aptamers that are promising to enter the clinical application
for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in the near future.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, also known as Neu, ErB2, CD340 or P185) is an important biomarker and therapeutic target that is overexpressed in breast tumor cases and is strongly associated with increased disease
recurrence and poor prognosis. Liu et al. [148] successfully selected the HER2
aptamer (HB5) in 2015, this aptamer bound cells with a KD of 18.9 nM. It can
also specifically bound to the extracellular domain of HER2 protein with a KD of
316 nM [149]. Chu et al. used this aptamer to perform immunohistochemistry (IHC)
successfully on 214 breast cancer samples, the results are consistent with the FDAapproved commercial HER2 testing kit [150]. In another study, Zhou et al. [151]
developed a quasi-targeted proteomics assay based on HER2 HB5 aptamer,the efficiency of this aptamer–peptide probe on detecting the expression of HER2 validated
36 pairs of human breast primary tumors and adjacent normal tissue samples, the
results were highly concordant with that of IHC with reflex testing fluorescent in situ
hybridization.
Heo et al. [152] combined aHER2-specific aptamer (Kd = 0.42 nM) with magnetic
nanocrystals (MNCs) to develop a modified T2 contrast agent, this agent has a high
relaxivity and specificity to HER2, which elevated the in vivo MRI enhance ability
up to 150% in HER2-positive mouse tumor models.
HER2 aptamer can also be conjugated with the radioisotope
18 F to perform
positron emission tomography (PET), a study from Kim group [153] validated
18 F
PET imaging of a HER2 aptamer in a mouse model of breast cancer, the preliminary