424
H. Jin
HER2/HER3 aptamer deliver EGFR siRNA into HER2-expressing cells and block
HER2 and HER3 signaling pathways. In preclinical studies, H2EH3 can induce
apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth via either systemic or intratumoral administration.
It presents the potential as a promising therapeutic to supplement current single HER
inhibitors and may act as a treatment for HER2 + breast cancer with intrinsic or
acquired resistance to current drugs.
Except for targeting the cancer directly, EGFR can also help to discard the diseasecausing biohazards from the blood into the small intestine to facilitate the cancer
treatment. A recently teamwork from Minjiang University, China [113] confirm
that EGFR-targeting aptamers combining with a new positively charged mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) (MSN-AP) could specifically recognize and
bind blood-borne negatively charged oncogenic exosomes (A-Exo), significantly
decreased circulating A-Exo levels in blood, and sequentially attenuated A-Exoinduced lung metastasis in mice. This study opens an innovative avenue to using
EGFR aptamer to the cancer therapy.
Insulin receptor (IR) [114] is another target for cancer therapy, it has two isoforms,
isoform B is related to the receptor under physiological conditions, while isoform A
contributes to the balance of growth and apoptosis during the embryonic development. Studies found [115, 116] that several kinds of cancer hadde-regulated expression and overactivation of isoform A of IR. Iaboni et al. [114] generated an RNA
aptamer binding IR, named GL56. Upon binding the IR, GL56 was internalized
into IR expressing glioma cancer cells rapidly, subsequently inhibited IR signaling
and resulted in lower cell viability. The result indicates unequivocally the GL56’s
potential as a novel candidate for cancer therapy.
14.3.3 Biomarker
14.3.3.1 Cardiovascular
Cellular cardiomyoplasty, which is based on in situ implantation of progenitor cells,
may offer a promising approach for both the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury
and the prevention of chronic heart failure [117]. Cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are
not easily isolated, many different stem cell types have been used for myocardial
regenerative medicine [118].
Aptamer-mediated separation techniques for stem cells have already been developed [119]. Due to their favorable properties and synthesis ease [120, 121], aptamers
are used in both diagnostic and therapeutic fields, as exemplified by aptamer 36 which
offers high binding capacity to EPCs [122] demonstrating the feasibility and safety
of a one-staged aptamer-based EPC therapy of myocardial infarction in a pig model
[123].
Electrochemical aptasensors based on nitrogen-doped reduced porous graphene
oxide (N-prGO)-modified electrodes covalently modified with Tro4 aptamers are
applicable for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) detection down to 1 pg mL
−1 . These sensors
H. Jin
HER2/HER3 aptamer deliver EGFR siRNA into HER2-expressing cells and block
HER2 and HER3 signaling pathways. In preclinical studies, H2EH3 can induce
apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth via either systemic or intratumoral administration.
It presents the potential as a promising therapeutic to supplement current single HER
inhibitors and may act as a treatment for HER2 + breast cancer with intrinsic or
acquired resistance to current drugs.
Except for targeting the cancer directly, EGFR can also help to discard the diseasecausing biohazards from the blood into the small intestine to facilitate the cancer
treatment. A recently teamwork from Minjiang University, China [113] confirm
that EGFR-targeting aptamers combining with a new positively charged mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) (MSN-AP) could specifically recognize and
bind blood-borne negatively charged oncogenic exosomes (A-Exo), significantly
decreased circulating A-Exo levels in blood, and sequentially attenuated A-Exoinduced lung metastasis in mice. This study opens an innovative avenue to using
EGFR aptamer to the cancer therapy.
Insulin receptor (IR) [114] is another target for cancer therapy, it has two isoforms,
isoform B is related to the receptor under physiological conditions, while isoform A
contributes to the balance of growth and apoptosis during the embryonic development. Studies found [115, 116] that several kinds of cancer hadde-regulated expression and overactivation of isoform A of IR. Iaboni et al. [114] generated an RNA
aptamer binding IR, named GL56. Upon binding the IR, GL56 was internalized
into IR expressing glioma cancer cells rapidly, subsequently inhibited IR signaling
and resulted in lower cell viability. The result indicates unequivocally the GL56’s
potential as a novel candidate for cancer therapy.
14.3.3 Biomarker
14.3.3.1 Cardiovascular
Cellular cardiomyoplasty, which is based on in situ implantation of progenitor cells,
may offer a promising approach for both the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury
and the prevention of chronic heart failure [117]. Cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are
not easily isolated, many different stem cell types have been used for myocardial
regenerative medicine [118].
Aptamer-mediated separation techniques for stem cells have already been developed [119]. Due to their favorable properties and synthesis ease [120, 121], aptamers
are used in both diagnostic and therapeutic fields, as exemplified by aptamer 36 which
offers high binding capacity to EPCs [122] demonstrating the feasibility and safety
of a one-staged aptamer-based EPC therapy of myocardial infarction in a pig model
[123].
Electrochemical aptasensors based on nitrogen-doped reduced porous graphene
oxide (N-prGO)-modified electrodes covalently modified with Tro4 aptamers are
applicable for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) detection down to 1 pg mL
−1 . These sensors