312
W. Li et al.
17. Becker RC, Oney S, Becker KC, Rusconi CP, Sullenger B (2007) Nucleic acid aptamers and
their complimentary antidotes. Entering an era of antithrombotic pharmacobiologic therapy.
Hamostaseologie 27(5): 378–382
18. Becker RC, Povsic T, Cohen MG, Rusconi CP, Sullenger B (2010) Nucleic acid aptamers
as antithrombotic agents: Opportunities in extracellular therapeutics. Thromb Haemost
103(3):586–595
19. Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific
ligands. Nature 346(6287):818–822
20. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA
ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249(4968):505–510
21. Huntington JA (2005) Molecular recognition mechanisms of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost
3(8):1861–1872
22. Lane DA, Philippou H, Huntington JA (2005) Directing thrombin. Blood 106(8):2605–2612
23. Tasset DM, Kubik MF, Steiner W (1997) Oligonucleotide inhibitors of human thrombin that
bind distinct epitopes. J Mol Biol 272(5):688–698
24. Yavari M, Becker RC (2008) Anticoagulant therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb
Thrombolysis 26(3):218–228
25. Warkentin TE (1999) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a clinicopathologic syndrome.
Thromb Haemost 82(2):439–447
26. Bock LC, Griffin LC, Latham JA, Vermaas EH, Toole JJ (1992) Selection of single-stranded
DNA molecules that bind and inhibit human thrombin. Nature 355(6360):564–566
27. Padmanabhan K, Padmanabhan KP, Ferrara JD, Sadler JE, Tulinsky A (1993) The structure of alpha-thrombin inhibited by a 15-mer single-stranded DNA aptamer. J Biol Chem
268(24):17651–17654
28. Padmanabhan K, Tulinsky A (1996) An ambiguous structure of a DNA 15-mer thrombin
complex. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 52(Pt 2):272–282
29. DeAnda A Jr, Coutre SE, Moon MR, Vial CM, Griffin LC, Law VS, Komeda M, Leung
LL, Miller DC (1994) Pilot study of the efficacy of a thrombin inhibitor for use during
cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 58(2):344–350
30. Leung LL (1995) Application of combinatorial libraries and protein engineering to the
discovery of novel anti-thrombotic drugs. Thromb Haemost 74(1):373–376
31. Li WX, Kaplan AV, Grant GW, Toole JJ, Leung LL (1994) A novel nucleotide-based thrombin
inhibitor inhibits clot-bound thrombin and reduces arterial platelet thrombus formation. Blood
83(3):677–682
32. Mendelboum RS, Horvath A, Aradi J, Bagoly Z, Fazakas F, Batta Z, Muszbek L, Hársfalvi
J (2008) 4-thio-deoxyuridylate-modified thrombin aptamer and its inhibitory effect on fibrin
clot formation, platelet aggregation and thrombus growth on subendothelial matrix. J Thromb
Haemost 6(10):1764–1771
33. Pica A, Russo KI, Merlino A, Nagatoishi S, Sugimoto N, Sica F (2013) Dissecting the
contribution of thrombin exosite I in the recognition of thrombin binding aptamer. FEBS
J 280(24):6581–6588
34. Pendergrast PS, Marsh HN, Grate D, Healy JM, Stanton M (2005) Nucleic acid aptamers for
target validation and therapeutic applications. J Biomol Tech 16(3):224–234
35. Lancellotti S, De Cristofaro R (2009) Nucleotide-derived thrombin inhibitors: a new tool for
an old issue. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 7(1):19–28
36. Boncler MA, Koziolkiewicz M, Watala C (2001) Aptamer inhibits degradation of platelet
proteolytically activatable receptor, PAR-1, by thrombin. Thromb Res 104(3):215–222
37. Griffin LC, Tidmarsh GF, Bock LC, Toole JJ, Leung LL (1993) In vivo anticoagulant properties
of a novel nucleotide-based thrombin inhibitor and demonstration of regional anticoagulation
in extracorporeal circuits. Blood 81(12):3271–3276
38. Macaya RF, Schultze P, Smith FW, Roe JA, Feigon J (1993) Thrombin-binding DNA aptamer
forms a unimolecular quadruplex structure in solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(8):3745–
3749
W. Li et al.
17. Becker RC, Oney S, Becker KC, Rusconi CP, Sullenger B (2007) Nucleic acid aptamers and
their complimentary antidotes. Entering an era of antithrombotic pharmacobiologic therapy.
Hamostaseologie 27(5): 378–382
18. Becker RC, Povsic T, Cohen MG, Rusconi CP, Sullenger B (2010) Nucleic acid aptamers
as antithrombotic agents: Opportunities in extracellular therapeutics. Thromb Haemost
103(3):586–595
19. Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific
ligands. Nature 346(6287):818–822
20. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA
ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249(4968):505–510
21. Huntington JA (2005) Molecular recognition mechanisms of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost
3(8):1861–1872
22. Lane DA, Philippou H, Huntington JA (2005) Directing thrombin. Blood 106(8):2605–2612
23. Tasset DM, Kubik MF, Steiner W (1997) Oligonucleotide inhibitors of human thrombin that
bind distinct epitopes. J Mol Biol 272(5):688–698
24. Yavari M, Becker RC (2008) Anticoagulant therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb
Thrombolysis 26(3):218–228
25. Warkentin TE (1999) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a clinicopathologic syndrome.
Thromb Haemost 82(2):439–447
26. Bock LC, Griffin LC, Latham JA, Vermaas EH, Toole JJ (1992) Selection of single-stranded
DNA molecules that bind and inhibit human thrombin. Nature 355(6360):564–566
27. Padmanabhan K, Padmanabhan KP, Ferrara JD, Sadler JE, Tulinsky A (1993) The structure of alpha-thrombin inhibited by a 15-mer single-stranded DNA aptamer. J Biol Chem
268(24):17651–17654
28. Padmanabhan K, Tulinsky A (1996) An ambiguous structure of a DNA 15-mer thrombin
complex. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 52(Pt 2):272–282
29. DeAnda A Jr, Coutre SE, Moon MR, Vial CM, Griffin LC, Law VS, Komeda M, Leung
LL, Miller DC (1994) Pilot study of the efficacy of a thrombin inhibitor for use during
cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 58(2):344–350
30. Leung LL (1995) Application of combinatorial libraries and protein engineering to the
discovery of novel anti-thrombotic drugs. Thromb Haemost 74(1):373–376
31. Li WX, Kaplan AV, Grant GW, Toole JJ, Leung LL (1994) A novel nucleotide-based thrombin
inhibitor inhibits clot-bound thrombin and reduces arterial platelet thrombus formation. Blood
83(3):677–682
32. Mendelboum RS, Horvath A, Aradi J, Bagoly Z, Fazakas F, Batta Z, Muszbek L, Hársfalvi
J (2008) 4-thio-deoxyuridylate-modified thrombin aptamer and its inhibitory effect on fibrin
clot formation, platelet aggregation and thrombus growth on subendothelial matrix. J Thromb
Haemost 6(10):1764–1771
33. Pica A, Russo KI, Merlino A, Nagatoishi S, Sugimoto N, Sica F (2013) Dissecting the
contribution of thrombin exosite I in the recognition of thrombin binding aptamer. FEBS
J 280(24):6581–6588
34. Pendergrast PS, Marsh HN, Grate D, Healy JM, Stanton M (2005) Nucleic acid aptamers for
target validation and therapeutic applications. J Biomol Tech 16(3):224–234
35. Lancellotti S, De Cristofaro R (2009) Nucleotide-derived thrombin inhibitors: a new tool for
an old issue. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 7(1):19–28
36. Boncler MA, Koziolkiewicz M, Watala C (2001) Aptamer inhibits degradation of platelet
proteolytically activatable receptor, PAR-1, by thrombin. Thromb Res 104(3):215–222
37. Griffin LC, Tidmarsh GF, Bock LC, Toole JJ, Leung LL (1993) In vivo anticoagulant properties
of a novel nucleotide-based thrombin inhibitor and demonstration of regional anticoagulation
in extracorporeal circuits. Blood 81(12):3271–3276
38. Macaya RF, Schultze P, Smith FW, Roe JA, Feigon J (1993) Thrombin-binding DNA aptamer
forms a unimolecular quadruplex structure in solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(8):3745–
3749