7 Aptamers for Personalized Therapeutics
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cells. Moreover, it is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and clinical treatment
of CCA because of its specificity for membrane proteins [49].
The most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults is osteosarcoma. Early
diagnosis and treatment of human osteosarcoma is hindered by the unavailability
of specific probes. Wang et al., have designed an aptamer probe against U-2 OS
human osteosarcoma cell line. They effectively used it for specific recognition of
clinical osteosarcoma samples. So, the selected aptamer may use to build a platform
for developing probe-carrier-antitumor drugs complexes and targeted therapies for
osteosarcoma [50].
It is very difficult to improve the survival rate of lung cancer because of the
delay in early diagnosis. There is lack of efficient probes that can aid in detection
of lung cancer cells with satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity. Chen et al. 2008
reported the selection of novel aptamer against cell-surface proteins of small-cell
lung cancer (SCLC) along with successful application in clinical samples. In addition, aptamer was used to functionalize the fluorescent and magnetic nanoparticles
for sensitive detection of SCLC cells from mixed cell media, and the results verified the use of aptamer approach for early diagnosis of lung cancer [51]. In a recent
report, Zhou et al., 2019 selected aptamer against high-density lipoprotein-binding
protein (HDLBP) by using SCLC cells through cell-SELEX. The results of immunohistochemistry from clinical samples showed an increased level of HDLBP in SCLC
tissues. In further studies the siRNA was applied to attenuate the expression of
HDLBP which, in response, inhibited the metastasis and proliferation of SCLC cell
in vitro and tumor reduction in vivo. A new function of HDLBP was revealed by the
study of mechanism that promotes tumor progression by regulating G1/S cell cycle
transition. So, HDLBP was suggested as a novel protein biomarker of SCLC cells.
Treatment of lethal SCLC can be improved by targeting HDLBP. They reported the
inhibitor of HDLBP as well and proved the importance of cell-SELEX in cancer
medicine [52].
7.2.2 Aptamers for Therapeutic Applications of Infectious
Diseases
While much effort has been devoted toward the detection and treatment of cancer,
aptamers have also been applied to modern treatment and diagnosis strategies of other
diseases as well. We highlight here some aptamers in the domain of applications in
diseases related mainly to the microbial world. The main emphasis will be those
applications that have been applied in vivo or which are undergoing clinical trials.
187
cells. Moreover, it is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and clinical treatment
of CCA because of its specificity for membrane proteins [49].
The most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults is osteosarcoma. Early
diagnosis and treatment of human osteosarcoma is hindered by the unavailability
of specific probes. Wang et al., have designed an aptamer probe against U-2 OS
human osteosarcoma cell line. They effectively used it for specific recognition of
clinical osteosarcoma samples. So, the selected aptamer may use to build a platform
for developing probe-carrier-antitumor drugs complexes and targeted therapies for
osteosarcoma [50].
It is very difficult to improve the survival rate of lung cancer because of the
delay in early diagnosis. There is lack of efficient probes that can aid in detection
of lung cancer cells with satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity. Chen et al. 2008
reported the selection of novel aptamer against cell-surface proteins of small-cell
lung cancer (SCLC) along with successful application in clinical samples. In addition, aptamer was used to functionalize the fluorescent and magnetic nanoparticles
for sensitive detection of SCLC cells from mixed cell media, and the results verified the use of aptamer approach for early diagnosis of lung cancer [51]. In a recent
report, Zhou et al., 2019 selected aptamer against high-density lipoprotein-binding
protein (HDLBP) by using SCLC cells through cell-SELEX. The results of immunohistochemistry from clinical samples showed an increased level of HDLBP in SCLC
tissues. In further studies the siRNA was applied to attenuate the expression of
HDLBP which, in response, inhibited the metastasis and proliferation of SCLC cell
in vitro and tumor reduction in vivo. A new function of HDLBP was revealed by the
study of mechanism that promotes tumor progression by regulating G1/S cell cycle
transition. So, HDLBP was suggested as a novel protein biomarker of SCLC cells.
Treatment of lethal SCLC can be improved by targeting HDLBP. They reported the
inhibitor of HDLBP as well and proved the importance of cell-SELEX in cancer
medicine [52].
7.2.2 Aptamers for Therapeutic Applications of Infectious
Diseases
While much effort has been devoted toward the detection and treatment of cancer,
aptamers have also been applied to modern treatment and diagnosis strategies of other
diseases as well. We highlight here some aptamers in the domain of applications in
diseases related mainly to the microbial world. The main emphasis will be those
applications that have been applied in vivo or which are undergoing clinical trials.