174
G. Yang and Y. Huang
179. Yunn NO, Koh A, Han S, Lim JH, Park S, Lee J, Kim E, Jang SK, Berggren PO, Ryu SH
(2015) Agonistic aptamer to the insulin receptor leads to biased signaling and functional
selectivity through allosteric modulation. Nucleic Acids Res 43(16):7688–7701
180. Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA (2016) CD28 costimulation: from
mechanism to therapy. Immunity 44(5):973–988
181. Soldevilla MM, Villanueva H, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Bendandi M, Inoges S, Lopez-Diaz
de Cerio A, Pastor F (2016) MRP1-CD28 bi-specific oligonucleotide aptamers: target
costimulation to drug-resistant melanoma cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 7(17):23182–23196
182. Bai C, Gao S, Hu S, Liu X, Li H, Dong J, Huang A, Zhu L, Zhou P, Li S, Shao N (2020) Selfassembled multivalent aptamer nanoparticles with potential CAR-like characteristics could
activate T cells and inhibit melanoma growth. Mol Ther Oncolytics 17:9–20
183. Chatzigeorgiou A, Lyberi M, Chatzilymperis G, Nezos A, Kamper E (2009) CD40/CD40L
signaling and its implication in health and disease. BioFactors 35(6):474–483
184. Vonderheide RH, Glennie MJ (2013) Agonistic CD40 antibodies and cancer therapy. Clin
Cancer Res 19(5):1035–1043
185. Pastor F, Kolonias D, McNamara JO 2nd, Gilboa E (2011) Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to
disseminated tumor lesions with bi-specific oligonucleotide aptamers. Mol Ther 19(10):1878–
1886
186. Gilboa E, McNamara J, Pastor F (2013) Use of oligonucleotide aptamer ligands to modulate
the function of immune receptors. Clin Cancer Res 19(5):1054–1062
187. Benaduce AP, Brenneman R, Schrand B, Pollack A, Gilboa E, Ishkanian A (2016) 4-1BB
aptamer-based immunomodulation enhances the therapeutic index of radiation therapy in
murine tumor models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 96(2):458–461
188. Schrand B, Berezhnoy A, Brenneman R, Williams A, Levay A, Kong LY, Rao G, Zhou S,
Heimberger AB, Gilboa E (2014) Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to the tumor stroma with
bispecific aptamer conjugates enhances the therapeutic index of tumor immunotherapy. Cancer
Immunol Res 2(9):867–877
189. Rajagopalan A, Berezhnoy A, Schrand B, Puplampu-Dove Y, Gilboa E (2017) Aptamertargeted attenuation of IL-2 signaling in CD8(+) T cells enhances antitumor immunity. Mol
Ther 25(1):54–61
190. Willoughby J, Griffiths J, Tews I, Cragg MS (2017) OX40: structure and function−What
questions remain? Mol Immunol 83:13–22
191. Peng W, Williams LJ, Xu C, Melendez B, McKenzie JA, Chen Y, Jackson HL, Voo KS,
Mbofung RM, Leahey SE, Wang J, Lizee G, Tawbi HA, Davies MA, Hoos A, Smothers J,
Srinivasan R, Paul EM, Yanamandra N, Hwu P (2019) Anti-OX40 antibody directly enhances
the function of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells and synergizes with PI3Kbeta inhibition in
PTEN loss melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 25(21):6406–6416
192. Orrick LR, Olson MO, Busch H (1973) Comparison of nucleolar proteins of normal rat liver
and Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 70(5):1316–1320
193. Ugrinova I, Petrova M, Chalabi-Dchar M, Bouvet P (2018) Multifaceted nucleolin protein
and its molecular partners in oncogenesis. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 111 (1876–1631
Electronic):133–164
194. Chen Z, Xu X (2016) Roles of nucleolin. Focus on cancer and anti-cancer therapy. Saudi Med
J 37 (12):1312–1318
195. Bates PJ, Laber DA, Miller DM, Thomas SD, Trent JO (2009) Discovery and development of
the G-rich oligonucleotide AS1411 as a novel treatment for cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 86(3):151–
164
196. Bates PJ, Reyes-Reyes EM, Malik MT, Murphy EM, O’Toole MG (1861) Trent JO (2017)
G-quadruplex oligonucleotide AS1411 as a cancer-targeting agent: uses and mechanisms.
BBA-Gen Subjects 5:1414–1428
197. Rosenberg JE, Bambury RM, Van Allen EM, Drabkin HA, Lara PN Jr, Harzstark AL, Wagle
N, Figlin RA, Smith GW, Garraway LA, Choueiri T, Erlandsson F, Laber DA (2014) A phase II
trial of AS1411 (a novel nucleolin-targeted DNA aptamer) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Invest New Drugs 32(1):178–187
G. Yang and Y. Huang
179. Yunn NO, Koh A, Han S, Lim JH, Park S, Lee J, Kim E, Jang SK, Berggren PO, Ryu SH
(2015) Agonistic aptamer to the insulin receptor leads to biased signaling and functional
selectivity through allosteric modulation. Nucleic Acids Res 43(16):7688–7701
180. Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA (2016) CD28 costimulation: from
mechanism to therapy. Immunity 44(5):973–988
181. Soldevilla MM, Villanueva H, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Bendandi M, Inoges S, Lopez-Diaz
de Cerio A, Pastor F (2016) MRP1-CD28 bi-specific oligonucleotide aptamers: target
costimulation to drug-resistant melanoma cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 7(17):23182–23196
182. Bai C, Gao S, Hu S, Liu X, Li H, Dong J, Huang A, Zhu L, Zhou P, Li S, Shao N (2020) Selfassembled multivalent aptamer nanoparticles with potential CAR-like characteristics could
activate T cells and inhibit melanoma growth. Mol Ther Oncolytics 17:9–20
183. Chatzigeorgiou A, Lyberi M, Chatzilymperis G, Nezos A, Kamper E (2009) CD40/CD40L
signaling and its implication in health and disease. BioFactors 35(6):474–483
184. Vonderheide RH, Glennie MJ (2013) Agonistic CD40 antibodies and cancer therapy. Clin
Cancer Res 19(5):1035–1043
185. Pastor F, Kolonias D, McNamara JO 2nd, Gilboa E (2011) Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to
disseminated tumor lesions with bi-specific oligonucleotide aptamers. Mol Ther 19(10):1878–
1886
186. Gilboa E, McNamara J, Pastor F (2013) Use of oligonucleotide aptamer ligands to modulate
the function of immune receptors. Clin Cancer Res 19(5):1054–1062
187. Benaduce AP, Brenneman R, Schrand B, Pollack A, Gilboa E, Ishkanian A (2016) 4-1BB
aptamer-based immunomodulation enhances the therapeutic index of radiation therapy in
murine tumor models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 96(2):458–461
188. Schrand B, Berezhnoy A, Brenneman R, Williams A, Levay A, Kong LY, Rao G, Zhou S,
Heimberger AB, Gilboa E (2014) Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to the tumor stroma with
bispecific aptamer conjugates enhances the therapeutic index of tumor immunotherapy. Cancer
Immunol Res 2(9):867–877
189. Rajagopalan A, Berezhnoy A, Schrand B, Puplampu-Dove Y, Gilboa E (2017) Aptamertargeted attenuation of IL-2 signaling in CD8(+) T cells enhances antitumor immunity. Mol
Ther 25(1):54–61
190. Willoughby J, Griffiths J, Tews I, Cragg MS (2017) OX40: structure and function−What
questions remain? Mol Immunol 83:13–22
191. Peng W, Williams LJ, Xu C, Melendez B, McKenzie JA, Chen Y, Jackson HL, Voo KS,
Mbofung RM, Leahey SE, Wang J, Lizee G, Tawbi HA, Davies MA, Hoos A, Smothers J,
Srinivasan R, Paul EM, Yanamandra N, Hwu P (2019) Anti-OX40 antibody directly enhances
the function of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells and synergizes with PI3Kbeta inhibition in
PTEN loss melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 25(21):6406–6416
192. Orrick LR, Olson MO, Busch H (1973) Comparison of nucleolar proteins of normal rat liver
and Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 70(5):1316–1320
193. Ugrinova I, Petrova M, Chalabi-Dchar M, Bouvet P (2018) Multifaceted nucleolin protein
and its molecular partners in oncogenesis. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 111 (1876–1631
Electronic):133–164
194. Chen Z, Xu X (2016) Roles of nucleolin. Focus on cancer and anti-cancer therapy. Saudi Med
J 37 (12):1312–1318
195. Bates PJ, Laber DA, Miller DM, Thomas SD, Trent JO (2009) Discovery and development of
the G-rich oligonucleotide AS1411 as a novel treatment for cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 86(3):151–
164
196. Bates PJ, Reyes-Reyes EM, Malik MT, Murphy EM, O’Toole MG (1861) Trent JO (2017)
G-quadruplex oligonucleotide AS1411 as a cancer-targeting agent: uses and mechanisms.
BBA-Gen Subjects 5:1414–1428
197. Rosenberg JE, Bambury RM, Van Allen EM, Drabkin HA, Lara PN Jr, Harzstark AL, Wagle
N, Figlin RA, Smith GW, Garraway LA, Choueiri T, Erlandsson F, Laber DA (2014) A phase II
trial of AS1411 (a novel nucleolin-targeted DNA aptamer) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Invest New Drugs 32(1):178–187