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22. Wu, C., Wang, A.C., Ding, W., Guo, H., Wang, Z.L.: Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation
of the energy for the new era. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802906 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/
aenm.201802906
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chemical sensors. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 9533–9557 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404614z
24. Wang, Z.L., Chen, J., Lin, L.: Progress in triboelectric nanogenertors as new energy technology
and self-powered sensors. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2250–2282 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/
x0xx00000x
25. Ferrari, L.M., et al.: Ultraconformable Temporary Tattoo Electrodes for Electrophysiology.
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26. Mousavi, S.A.R., Nguyen, C.T., Farmer, E.E., Kellenberger, S.: Measuring surface potential
changes on leaves. Nat. Protoc. 9, 1997–2004 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.136
F. Meder et al.
11. Strik, D.P.B.T.B., Bert, H.V.M.H., Snel, J.F.H., Buisman, C.J.N.: Green electricity production
with living plants and bacteria in a fuel cell. Int. J. Energy Res. 32, 870–876 (2008). https://
doi.org/10.1002/er.1397
12. Deng, H., Chen, Z., Zhao, F.: Energy from plants and microorganisms: progress in plant -
microbial fuel cells. Chemsuschem 5, 1006–1011 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201
100257
13. McCormick, A.J., Bombelli, P., Bradley, R.W., Thorne, R., Wenzele, T., Howe, C.J.: Biophotovoltaics: oxygenic photosynthetic organisms in the world of bioelectrochemical systems.
Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1092–1109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE03875D
14. Mershin, A., et al.: Self-assembled photosystem-I biophotovoltaics on nanostructured TiO 2
and ZnO. Sci. Rep. 2, 234 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00234
15. Tschörtner, J., Lai, B., Krömer, J.O.: Biophotovoltaics: green power generation from sunlight
and water. Front. Microbiol. 10, 866 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00866
16. Flexer, V., Mano, N.: From dynamic measurements of photosynthesis in a living plant to
sunlight transformation into electricity. Anal. Chem. 82, 1444–1449 (2010). https://doi.org/
10.1021/ac902537h
17. Miyake, T., et al.: Enzymatic biofuel cells designed for direct power generation from biofluids
in living organisms. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 5008–5012 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1e
e02200h
18. Meder, F., et al.: Energy conversion at the cuticle of living plants. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28,
1806689 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806689
19. Meder, F., Thielen, M., Mondini, A., Speck, T., Mazzolai, B.: Living plant-hybrid generators
for multidirectional wind energy conversion. Energy Technol. 8, 2000236 (2020). https://doi.
org/10.1002/ente.202000236
20. Riederer, M., Müller, C. (eds.) Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Annual Plant Reviews, vol. 23.
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford (2006).
21. Kim, D.W., Kim, S., Jeong, U.: Lipids: source of static electricity of regenerative natural
substances and nondestructive energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. 30, 1804949 (2018). https://
doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804949
22. Wu, C., Wang, A.C., Ding, W., Guo, H., Wang, Z.L.: Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation
of the energy for the new era. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802906 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/
aenm.201802906
23. Wang, Z.L.: Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered
chemical sensors. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 9533–9557 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404614z
24. Wang, Z.L., Chen, J., Lin, L.: Progress in triboelectric nanogenertors as new energy technology
and self-powered sensors. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2250–2282 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/
x0xx00000x
25. Ferrari, L.M., et al.: Ultraconformable Temporary Tattoo Electrodes for Electrophysiology.
Adv. Sci. 5, 1–11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700771
26. Mousavi, S.A.R., Nguyen, C.T., Farmer, E.E., Kellenberger, S.: Measuring surface potential
changes on leaves. Nat. Protoc. 9, 1997–2004 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.136