Acknowledgments
The writing of this review was supported by the Research Program
on
Emerging
and
Re-emerging
Infectious
Diseases
(19fk0108049j1903) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research
and Development (AMED).
References
1. Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J et al (2015)
Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:
e0003898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0003898
2. Crump JA, Morrissey AB, Nicholson WL et al
(2013) Etiology of severe nonmalaria febrile
illness in northern Tanzania: a prospective
cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2324.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.
0002324
3. Mayxay M, Castonguay-vanier J, Chansamouth V et al (2013) Causes of nonmalarial
fever in Laos: a prospective study. Lancet
Glob Health 1:46–54
4. Mørch K, Manoharan A, Chandy S et al (2017)
Acute undifferentiated fever in India: a multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis 17:665. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s12879-017-2764-3
5. Mueller TC, Siv S, Khim N et al (2014) Acute
undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Cambodia: a 3-year prospective observational study.
PLoS One 9:e95868. https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0095868
6. Wangrangsimakul T, Althaus T, Mukaka M
et al (2018) Causes of acute undifferentiated
fever and the utility of biomarkers in Chiangrai,
northern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:
e0006477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0006477
7. World Health Organization (2003) Human
leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance, and control. World Health Organization, Geneva
8. World health Organization (2011) Report of
the second meeting of the leptospirosis burden
epidemiology reference group. https://apps.
who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/
44588/9789241501521_eng.pdf?
sequence¼1. Accessed 19 Feb 2019
9. Levett PN (2001) Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:296–326. https://doi.org/10.
1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001
10. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C et al (1999) Leptospira and Leptospirosis, 2nd edn. MediSci,
Melbourne
11. Kitashoji E, Koizumi N, Lacuesta TLV et al
(2015) Diagnostic accuracy of recombinant
immunoglobulin-like protein A-based IgM
ELISA for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis
in the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:
e0003879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0003879
12. Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D et al (2007) Optimization of culture of
Leptospira from humans with leptospirosis. J
Clin Microbiol 45:1363–1365. https://doi.
org/10.1128/JCM.02430-06
13. Griffith ME, Horvath LL, Mika WV et al
(2006) Viability of Leptospira in BacT/
ALERT MB media. Diagn Microbiol Infect
Dis 54:263–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
diagmicrobio.2005.11.001
14. Girault D, Soupe ´-Gilbert ME, Geroult S et al
(2017) Isolation of Leptospira from blood culture bottles. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
88:17–19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diag
microbio.2017.01.014
15. Toyokawa T, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N (2011)
Diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Expert Rev
Anti-Infect Ther 9:111–121. https://doi.
org/10.1586/eri.10.151
16. Ahmed A, Grobusch MP, Klatser PR et al
(2012) Molecular approaches in the detection
and characterization of Leptospira. J Bacteriol
Parasitol 3:133. https://doi.org/10.4172/
2155-9597.1000133
17. Picardeau M, Bertherat E, Jancloes M et al
(2014) Rapid tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis: current tools and emerging technologies.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 78:1–8. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.
012
18. Ahmed A, van der Linden H, Hartskeerl RA
(2014) Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of
pathogenic Leptospira. Int J Environ Res Public
Health 11:4953–4964. https://doi.org/10.
3390/ijerph110504953
284
Nobuo Koizumi
The writing of this review was supported by the Research Program
on
Emerging
and
Re-emerging
Infectious
Diseases
(19fk0108049j1903) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research
and Development (AMED).
References
1. Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J et al (2015)
Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:
e0003898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0003898
2. Crump JA, Morrissey AB, Nicholson WL et al
(2013) Etiology of severe nonmalaria febrile
illness in northern Tanzania: a prospective
cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2324.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.
0002324
3. Mayxay M, Castonguay-vanier J, Chansamouth V et al (2013) Causes of nonmalarial
fever in Laos: a prospective study. Lancet
Glob Health 1:46–54
4. Mørch K, Manoharan A, Chandy S et al (2017)
Acute undifferentiated fever in India: a multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis 17:665. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s12879-017-2764-3
5. Mueller TC, Siv S, Khim N et al (2014) Acute
undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Cambodia: a 3-year prospective observational study.
PLoS One 9:e95868. https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0095868
6. Wangrangsimakul T, Althaus T, Mukaka M
et al (2018) Causes of acute undifferentiated
fever and the utility of biomarkers in Chiangrai,
northern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:
e0006477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0006477
7. World Health Organization (2003) Human
leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance, and control. World Health Organization, Geneva
8. World health Organization (2011) Report of
the second meeting of the leptospirosis burden
epidemiology reference group. https://apps.
who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/
44588/9789241501521_eng.pdf?
sequence¼1. Accessed 19 Feb 2019
9. Levett PN (2001) Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:296–326. https://doi.org/10.
1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001
10. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C et al (1999) Leptospira and Leptospirosis, 2nd edn. MediSci,
Melbourne
11. Kitashoji E, Koizumi N, Lacuesta TLV et al
(2015) Diagnostic accuracy of recombinant
immunoglobulin-like protein A-based IgM
ELISA for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis
in the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:
e0003879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0003879
12. Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D et al (2007) Optimization of culture of
Leptospira from humans with leptospirosis. J
Clin Microbiol 45:1363–1365. https://doi.
org/10.1128/JCM.02430-06
13. Griffith ME, Horvath LL, Mika WV et al
(2006) Viability of Leptospira in BacT/
ALERT MB media. Diagn Microbiol Infect
Dis 54:263–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
diagmicrobio.2005.11.001
14. Girault D, Soupe ´-Gilbert ME, Geroult S et al
(2017) Isolation of Leptospira from blood culture bottles. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
88:17–19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diag
microbio.2017.01.014
15. Toyokawa T, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N (2011)
Diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Expert Rev
Anti-Infect Ther 9:111–121. https://doi.
org/10.1586/eri.10.151
16. Ahmed A, Grobusch MP, Klatser PR et al
(2012) Molecular approaches in the detection
and characterization of Leptospira. J Bacteriol
Parasitol 3:133. https://doi.org/10.4172/
2155-9597.1000133
17. Picardeau M, Bertherat E, Jancloes M et al
(2014) Rapid tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis: current tools and emerging technologies.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 78:1–8. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.
012
18. Ahmed A, van der Linden H, Hartskeerl RA
(2014) Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of
pathogenic Leptospira. Int J Environ Res Public
Health 11:4953–4964. https://doi.org/10.
3390/ijerph110504953
284
Nobuo Koizumi