intermediate group isolated from rodents, cattle and humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
68:513–517
8. Thibeaux R, Iraola G, Ferre ´s I, Bierque E,
Girault D, Soupe ´-Gilbert ME et al (2018)
Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to
virulence. Microb Genom 4
9. Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M,
Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS et al
(2015) Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 9:e0003898
10. Goarant C, Picardeau M, Morand S, McIntyre
KM (2019) Leptospirosis under the bibliometrics radar: evidence for a vicious circle of
neglect. J Glob Health 9:010302
11. Picardeau M (2017) Virulence of the zoonotic
agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? Nat
Rev Microbiol 15:297–307
12. Wunder EAJ, Figueira CP, Santos GR,
Lourdault K, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM et al
(2016) Real-time PCR reveals rapid dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after Intraperitoneal and Conjunctival inoculation of hamsters.
Infect Immun 84:2105–2115
13. Murray GL (2015) The molecular basis of leptospiral pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol
Immunol 387:139–185
14. Malmstro ¨m J, Beck M, Schmidt A, Lange V,
Deutsch EW, Aebersold R (2009) Proteomewide cellular protein concentrations of the
human pathogen Leptospira interrogans.
Nature 460:762–765
15. Nahori
MA,
Fournie ´-Amazouz
E,
Que-Gewirth NS, Balloy V, Chignard M,
Raetz CR et al (2005) Differential TLR recognition of leptospiral lipid A and lipopolysaccharide in murine and human cells. J
Immunol 175:6022–6031
16. Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, Chuang
T-H, Kravchenko V, Saint GI et al (2001) Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells
through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat
Immunol 2(4):346–352
17. Ren S, Fu G, Jiang X, Zeng R, Xiong H, Lu G
et al (2003) Unique and physiological and
pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans
revealed by whole genome sequencing. Nature
422:888–893
18. Zhu W, Wang J, Zhu Y, Tang B, Zhang Y, He P
et al (2015) Identification of three extrachromosomal replicons in Leptospira pathogenic strain and development of new shuttle
vectors. BMC Genomics 16:90
19. Zhu WN, Huang LL, Zeng LB, Zhuang XR,
Chen CY, Wang YZ et al (2014) Isolation and
characterization of two novel plasmids from
pathogenic Leptospira interrogans Serogroup
Canicola Serovar Canicola strain Gui44. PLoS
Negl Trop Dis 8:e3103
20. Schiettekatte O, Vincent AT, Malosse C,
Lechat P, Chamot-Rooke J, Veyrier FJ et al
(2018) Characterization of LE3 and LE4, the
only lytic phages known to infect the spirochete
Leptospira. Sci Rep 8:11781
21. Satou K, Shimoji M, Tamotsu H, Juan A,
Ashimine N, Shinzato M et al (2015) Complete genome sequences of low-passage virulent and high-passage Avirulent variants of
pathogenic Leptospira interrogans Serovar
Manilae strain UP-MMC-NIID, originally
isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis, determined using PacBio single-molecule
real-time technology. Genome Announc 3:
e00882–e00815
22. Xu Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Chang YF, Zhang Y,
Jiang X et al (2016) Whole genome sequencing
revealed host adaptation-focused genomic
plasticity of pathogenic Leptospira. Sci Rep
6:20020
23. Torgerson PR, Hagan JE, Costa F, Calcagno J,
Kane M, Martinez-Silveira MS et al (2015)
Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in
terms of disability adjusted life years. PLoS
Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004122
Leptospira and Leptospirosis
275
68:513–517
8. Thibeaux R, Iraola G, Ferre ´s I, Bierque E,
Girault D, Soupe ´-Gilbert ME et al (2018)
Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to
virulence. Microb Genom 4
9. Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M,
Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS et al
(2015) Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 9:e0003898
10. Goarant C, Picardeau M, Morand S, McIntyre
KM (2019) Leptospirosis under the bibliometrics radar: evidence for a vicious circle of
neglect. J Glob Health 9:010302
11. Picardeau M (2017) Virulence of the zoonotic
agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? Nat
Rev Microbiol 15:297–307
12. Wunder EAJ, Figueira CP, Santos GR,
Lourdault K, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM et al
(2016) Real-time PCR reveals rapid dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after Intraperitoneal and Conjunctival inoculation of hamsters.
Infect Immun 84:2105–2115
13. Murray GL (2015) The molecular basis of leptospiral pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol
Immunol 387:139–185
14. Malmstro ¨m J, Beck M, Schmidt A, Lange V,
Deutsch EW, Aebersold R (2009) Proteomewide cellular protein concentrations of the
human pathogen Leptospira interrogans.
Nature 460:762–765
15. Nahori
MA,
Fournie ´-Amazouz
E,
Que-Gewirth NS, Balloy V, Chignard M,
Raetz CR et al (2005) Differential TLR recognition of leptospiral lipid A and lipopolysaccharide in murine and human cells. J
Immunol 175:6022–6031
16. Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, Chuang
T-H, Kravchenko V, Saint GI et al (2001) Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells
through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat
Immunol 2(4):346–352
17. Ren S, Fu G, Jiang X, Zeng R, Xiong H, Lu G
et al (2003) Unique and physiological and
pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans
revealed by whole genome sequencing. Nature
422:888–893
18. Zhu W, Wang J, Zhu Y, Tang B, Zhang Y, He P
et al (2015) Identification of three extrachromosomal replicons in Leptospira pathogenic strain and development of new shuttle
vectors. BMC Genomics 16:90
19. Zhu WN, Huang LL, Zeng LB, Zhuang XR,
Chen CY, Wang YZ et al (2014) Isolation and
characterization of two novel plasmids from
pathogenic Leptospira interrogans Serogroup
Canicola Serovar Canicola strain Gui44. PLoS
Negl Trop Dis 8:e3103
20. Schiettekatte O, Vincent AT, Malosse C,
Lechat P, Chamot-Rooke J, Veyrier FJ et al
(2018) Characterization of LE3 and LE4, the
only lytic phages known to infect the spirochete
Leptospira. Sci Rep 8:11781
21. Satou K, Shimoji M, Tamotsu H, Juan A,
Ashimine N, Shinzato M et al (2015) Complete genome sequences of low-passage virulent and high-passage Avirulent variants of
pathogenic Leptospira interrogans Serovar
Manilae strain UP-MMC-NIID, originally
isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis, determined using PacBio single-molecule
real-time technology. Genome Announc 3:
e00882–e00815
22. Xu Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Chang YF, Zhang Y,
Jiang X et al (2016) Whole genome sequencing
revealed host adaptation-focused genomic
plasticity of pathogenic Leptospira. Sci Rep
6:20020
23. Torgerson PR, Hagan JE, Costa F, Calcagno J,
Kane M, Martinez-Silveira MS et al (2015)
Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in
terms of disability adjusted life years. PLoS
Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004122
Leptospira and Leptospirosis
275