References
1. Adler B, de la Pena MA (2010) Leptospira and
leptospirosis.
Vet
Microbiol
140
(3-4):287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
vetmic.2009.03.012
2. Haake DA, Levett PN (2015) Leptospirosis in
humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
387:65–97
3. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P (1999)
Leptospira and leptospirosis, 2nd edn. MediSci,
Melbourne, VIC
4. Ellis WA (2015) Animal leptospirosis. Curr
Top Microbiol Immunol 387:99–137
5. Adler B (2015) Vaccines against leptospirosis.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387:251–272
6. Nascimento AL, Ko AI, Martins EA,
Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Ho PL, Haake DA,
Verjovski-Almeida S, Hartskeerl RA, Marques
MV, Oliveira MC, Menck CF, Leite LC,
Carrer H, Coutinho LL, Degrave WM, Dellagostin OA, El-Dorry H, Ferro ES, Ferro MI,
Furlan LR, Gamberini M, Giglioti EA, GoesNeto A, Goldman GH, Goldman MH,
Harakava R, Jeronimo SM, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IL, Kimura ET, Kuramae EE, Lemos EG,
Lemos MV, Marino CL, Nunes LR, de Oliveira
RC, Pereira GG, Reis MS, Schriefer A, Siqueira
WJ, Sommer P, Tsai SM, Simpson AJ, Ferro JA,
Camargo LE, Kitajima JP, Setubal JC, Van
Sluys MA (2004) Comparative genomics of
two Leptospira interrogans serovars reveals
novel insights into physiology and pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 186(7):2164–2172
7. Ren SX, Fu G, Jiang XG, Zeng R, Miao YG,
Xu H, Zhang YX, Xiong H, Lu G, Lu LF, Jiang
HQ, Jia J, Tu YF, Jiang JX, Gu WY, Zhang YQ,
Cai Z, Sheng HH, Yin HF, Zhang Y, Zhu GF,
Wan M, Huang HL, Qian Z, Wang SY, Ma W,
Yao ZJ, Shen Y, Qiang BQ, Xia QC, Guo XK,
Danchin A, Saint Girons I, Somerville RL, Wen
YM, Shi MH, Chen Z, Xu JG, Zhao GP (2003)
Unique physiological and pathogenic features
of Leptospira interrogans revealed by wholegenome
sequencing.
Nature
422
(6934):888–893
8. Fouts DE, Matthias MA, Adhikarla H, Adler B,
Amorim-Santos L, Berg DE, Bulach D,
Buschiazzo A, Chang YF, Galloway RL,
Haake DA, Haft DH, Hartskeerl R, Ko AI,
Levett PN, Matsunaga J, Mechaly AE, Monk
JM, Nascimento AL, Nelson KE, Palsson B,
Peacock SJ, Picardeau M, Ricaldi JN,
Thaipandungpanit J, Wunder EA Jr, Yang XF,
Zhang JJ, Vinetz JM (2016) What makes a
bacterial species pathogenic?:comparative
genomic analysis of the genus Leptospira.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(2):e0004403.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.
0004403
9. Haake DA (2006) Hamster model of leptospirosis. Curr Protoc Microbiol 12:2. https://doi.
org/10.1002/9780471729259.mc12e02s02
10. Walker A, Olsen R, Toth M, Srinivas G (2018)
Re-evaluating the LD50 requirements in the
codified potency testing of veterinary vaccines
containing Leptospira (L.) serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. serogroup Canicola in
the United States. Biologicals 56:13–18
11. Evangelista KV, Lourdault K, Matsunaga J,
Haake DA (2017) Immunoprotective properties of recombinant LigA and LigB in a hamster
model of acute leptospirosis. PLoS One 12(7):
e0180004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0180004
12. Ko AI, Galvao Reis M, Ribeiro Dourado CM,
Johnson WD Jr, Riley LW (1999) Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador
leptospirosis study group. Lancet 354
(9181):820–825
13. Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967) Differentiation
of
pathogenic
and
saprophytic
letospires. I. Growth at low temperatures. J
Bacteriol 94(1):27–31
14. Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG (1965)
Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of
13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin
and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res 26:45–51
15. Stoddard RA (2013) Detection of pathogenic
Leptospira spp. through real-time PCR (qPCR)
targeting the lipL32 gene. Methods Mol Biol
943:257–266.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-1-60327-353-4_17
16. Stills HF, Bailey MQ (1991) The use of
Freund’s complete adjuvant. Lab Animal Sci
20(4):25–31
17. Gupta RK (1998) Aluminum compounds as
vaccine adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 32
(3):155–172
18. Gomes CK, Guedes M, Potula HH, Dellagostin OA, Gomes-Solecki M (2018) Sex matters:
male hamsters are more susceptible to lethal
infection with lower doses of pathogenic Leptospira than female hamsters. Infect Immun 86
(10):e00369-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/
IAI.00369-18
19. Clayton JA, Collins FS (2014) Policy: NIH to
balance sex in cell and animal studies. Nature
509(7500):282–283
20. Hm C, August PJ (1976) Report of nine cases
of accidental injury to man with Freund’s
Leptospirosis Vaccine Studies in Hamsters
269
1. Adler B, de la Pena MA (2010) Leptospira and
leptospirosis.
Vet
Microbiol
140
(3-4):287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
vetmic.2009.03.012
2. Haake DA, Levett PN (2015) Leptospirosis in
humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
387:65–97
3. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P (1999)
Leptospira and leptospirosis, 2nd edn. MediSci,
Melbourne, VIC
4. Ellis WA (2015) Animal leptospirosis. Curr
Top Microbiol Immunol 387:99–137
5. Adler B (2015) Vaccines against leptospirosis.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387:251–272
6. Nascimento AL, Ko AI, Martins EA,
Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Ho PL, Haake DA,
Verjovski-Almeida S, Hartskeerl RA, Marques
MV, Oliveira MC, Menck CF, Leite LC,
Carrer H, Coutinho LL, Degrave WM, Dellagostin OA, El-Dorry H, Ferro ES, Ferro MI,
Furlan LR, Gamberini M, Giglioti EA, GoesNeto A, Goldman GH, Goldman MH,
Harakava R, Jeronimo SM, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IL, Kimura ET, Kuramae EE, Lemos EG,
Lemos MV, Marino CL, Nunes LR, de Oliveira
RC, Pereira GG, Reis MS, Schriefer A, Siqueira
WJ, Sommer P, Tsai SM, Simpson AJ, Ferro JA,
Camargo LE, Kitajima JP, Setubal JC, Van
Sluys MA (2004) Comparative genomics of
two Leptospira interrogans serovars reveals
novel insights into physiology and pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 186(7):2164–2172
7. Ren SX, Fu G, Jiang XG, Zeng R, Miao YG,
Xu H, Zhang YX, Xiong H, Lu G, Lu LF, Jiang
HQ, Jia J, Tu YF, Jiang JX, Gu WY, Zhang YQ,
Cai Z, Sheng HH, Yin HF, Zhang Y, Zhu GF,
Wan M, Huang HL, Qian Z, Wang SY, Ma W,
Yao ZJ, Shen Y, Qiang BQ, Xia QC, Guo XK,
Danchin A, Saint Girons I, Somerville RL, Wen
YM, Shi MH, Chen Z, Xu JG, Zhao GP (2003)
Unique physiological and pathogenic features
of Leptospira interrogans revealed by wholegenome
sequencing.
Nature
422
(6934):888–893
8. Fouts DE, Matthias MA, Adhikarla H, Adler B,
Amorim-Santos L, Berg DE, Bulach D,
Buschiazzo A, Chang YF, Galloway RL,
Haake DA, Haft DH, Hartskeerl R, Ko AI,
Levett PN, Matsunaga J, Mechaly AE, Monk
JM, Nascimento AL, Nelson KE, Palsson B,
Peacock SJ, Picardeau M, Ricaldi JN,
Thaipandungpanit J, Wunder EA Jr, Yang XF,
Zhang JJ, Vinetz JM (2016) What makes a
bacterial species pathogenic?:comparative
genomic analysis of the genus Leptospira.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(2):e0004403.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.
0004403
9. Haake DA (2006) Hamster model of leptospirosis. Curr Protoc Microbiol 12:2. https://doi.
org/10.1002/9780471729259.mc12e02s02
10. Walker A, Olsen R, Toth M, Srinivas G (2018)
Re-evaluating the LD50 requirements in the
codified potency testing of veterinary vaccines
containing Leptospira (L.) serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. serogroup Canicola in
the United States. Biologicals 56:13–18
11. Evangelista KV, Lourdault K, Matsunaga J,
Haake DA (2017) Immunoprotective properties of recombinant LigA and LigB in a hamster
model of acute leptospirosis. PLoS One 12(7):
e0180004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0180004
12. Ko AI, Galvao Reis M, Ribeiro Dourado CM,
Johnson WD Jr, Riley LW (1999) Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador
leptospirosis study group. Lancet 354
(9181):820–825
13. Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967) Differentiation
of
pathogenic
and
saprophytic
letospires. I. Growth at low temperatures. J
Bacteriol 94(1):27–31
14. Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG (1965)
Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of
13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin
and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res 26:45–51
15. Stoddard RA (2013) Detection of pathogenic
Leptospira spp. through real-time PCR (qPCR)
targeting the lipL32 gene. Methods Mol Biol
943:257–266.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-1-60327-353-4_17
16. Stills HF, Bailey MQ (1991) The use of
Freund’s complete adjuvant. Lab Animal Sci
20(4):25–31
17. Gupta RK (1998) Aluminum compounds as
vaccine adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 32
(3):155–172
18. Gomes CK, Guedes M, Potula HH, Dellagostin OA, Gomes-Solecki M (2018) Sex matters:
male hamsters are more susceptible to lethal
infection with lower doses of pathogenic Leptospira than female hamsters. Infect Immun 86
(10):e00369-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/
IAI.00369-18
19. Clayton JA, Collins FS (2014) Policy: NIH to
balance sex in cell and animal studies. Nature
509(7500):282–283
20. Hm C, August PJ (1976) Report of nine cases
of accidental injury to man with Freund’s
Leptospirosis Vaccine Studies in Hamsters
269