Acknowledgments
This protocol was established and validated with the essential technical support from Claudio P. Figueira, Weinan Zhu, Joshua
F. Ackerman, Mary Catherine (Cate) Muenker, and Haritha
Adhikarla.
References
1. Wunder EA Jr, Figueira CP, Santos GR et al
(2016) Real-time PCR reveals rapid dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after Intraperitoneal and Conjunctival inoculation of hamsters.
Infect Immun 84:2105–2115
2. Martinez-Lopez DG, Fahey M, Coburn J
(2010) Responses of human endothelial cells
to pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira
species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e918
3. Barocchi MA, Ko AI, Reis MG et al (2002)
Rapid translocation of polarized MDCK cell
monolayers by Leptospira interrogans, an invasive but nonintracellular pathogen. Infect
Immun 70:6926–6932
4. Picardeau M (2017) Virulence of the zoonotic
agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? Nat
Rev Microbiol 15:297–307
5. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M (2009) Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era
for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev
Microbiol 7:736–747
6. Navab M, Hough GP, Berliner JA et al (1986)
Rabbit beta-migrating very low density lipoprotein increases endothelial macromolecular
transport without altering electrical resistance.
J Clin Invest 78:389–397
7. Clyne M, Duggan G, Dunne C et al (2017)
Assays to study the interaction of campylobacter jejuni with the mucosal surface. Methods
Mol Biol 1512:129–147
8. Cruz N, Lu Q, Alvarez X et al (1994) Bacterial
translocation is bacterial species dependent:
results using the human Caco-2 intestinal cell
line. J Trauma 36:612–616
9. Finlay BB, Falkow S (1990) Salmonella interactions with polarized human intestinal Caco2 epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 162:1096–1106
10. Nataro JP, Hicks S, Phillips AD et al (1996)
T84 cells in culture as a model for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Infect
Immun 64:4761–4768
11. Merien F, Baranton G, Perolat P (1997) Invasion of Vero cells and induction of apoptosis in
macrophages by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans are correlated with virulence. Infect
Immun 65:729–738
12. Thomas DD, Higbie LM (1990) In vitro association of leptospires with host cells. Infect
Immun 58:581–585
13. Thomas DD, Navab M, Haake DA et al (1988)
Treponema pallidum invades intercellular junctions of endothelial cell monolayers. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 85:3608–3612
14. Comstock LE, Thomas DD (1989) Penetration of endothelial cell monolayers by Borrelia
burgdorferi. Infect Immun 57:1626–1628
15. Slamti L, Picardeau M (2012) Construction of
a library of random mutants in the spirochete
Leptospira biflexa using a mariner transposon.
Methods Mol Biol 859:169–176
16. Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967) Differentiation
of pathogenic and saprophytic letospires. J Bacteriol 94:27–31
17. Srinivasan B, Kolli AR, Esch MB et al (2015)
TEER measurement techniques for in vitro
barrier model systems. J Lab Autom
20:107–126
18. Wunder EA Jr, Figueira CP, Benaroudj N et al
(2016) A novel flagellar sheath protein, FcpA,
determines filament coiling, translational
motility and virulence for the Leptospira spirochete. Mol Microbiol 101:457–470
170
Elsio A. Wunder Jr.
This protocol was established and validated with the essential technical support from Claudio P. Figueira, Weinan Zhu, Joshua
F. Ackerman, Mary Catherine (Cate) Muenker, and Haritha
Adhikarla.
References
1. Wunder EA Jr, Figueira CP, Santos GR et al
(2016) Real-time PCR reveals rapid dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after Intraperitoneal and Conjunctival inoculation of hamsters.
Infect Immun 84:2105–2115
2. Martinez-Lopez DG, Fahey M, Coburn J
(2010) Responses of human endothelial cells
to pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira
species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e918
3. Barocchi MA, Ko AI, Reis MG et al (2002)
Rapid translocation of polarized MDCK cell
monolayers by Leptospira interrogans, an invasive but nonintracellular pathogen. Infect
Immun 70:6926–6932
4. Picardeau M (2017) Virulence of the zoonotic
agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? Nat
Rev Microbiol 15:297–307
5. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M (2009) Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era
for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev
Microbiol 7:736–747
6. Navab M, Hough GP, Berliner JA et al (1986)
Rabbit beta-migrating very low density lipoprotein increases endothelial macromolecular
transport without altering electrical resistance.
J Clin Invest 78:389–397
7. Clyne M, Duggan G, Dunne C et al (2017)
Assays to study the interaction of campylobacter jejuni with the mucosal surface. Methods
Mol Biol 1512:129–147
8. Cruz N, Lu Q, Alvarez X et al (1994) Bacterial
translocation is bacterial species dependent:
results using the human Caco-2 intestinal cell
line. J Trauma 36:612–616
9. Finlay BB, Falkow S (1990) Salmonella interactions with polarized human intestinal Caco2 epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 162:1096–1106
10. Nataro JP, Hicks S, Phillips AD et al (1996)
T84 cells in culture as a model for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Infect
Immun 64:4761–4768
11. Merien F, Baranton G, Perolat P (1997) Invasion of Vero cells and induction of apoptosis in
macrophages by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans are correlated with virulence. Infect
Immun 65:729–738
12. Thomas DD, Higbie LM (1990) In vitro association of leptospires with host cells. Infect
Immun 58:581–585
13. Thomas DD, Navab M, Haake DA et al (1988)
Treponema pallidum invades intercellular junctions of endothelial cell monolayers. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 85:3608–3612
14. Comstock LE, Thomas DD (1989) Penetration of endothelial cell monolayers by Borrelia
burgdorferi. Infect Immun 57:1626–1628
15. Slamti L, Picardeau M (2012) Construction of
a library of random mutants in the spirochete
Leptospira biflexa using a mariner transposon.
Methods Mol Biol 859:169–176
16. Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967) Differentiation
of pathogenic and saprophytic letospires. J Bacteriol 94:27–31
17. Srinivasan B, Kolli AR, Esch MB et al (2015)
TEER measurement techniques for in vitro
barrier model systems. J Lab Autom
20:107–126
18. Wunder EA Jr, Figueira CP, Benaroudj N et al
(2016) A novel flagellar sheath protein, FcpA,
determines filament coiling, translational
motility and virulence for the Leptospira spirochete. Mol Microbiol 101:457–470
170
Elsio A. Wunder Jr.