10. Wunder EA Jr, Figueira CP, Benaroudj N et al
(2016) A novel flagellar sheath protein, FcpA,
determines filament coiling, translational
motility and virulence for the Leptospira spirochete. Mol Microbiol 101:457–470
11. Tahara H, Takabe K, Sasaki Y et al (2018) The
mechanism of two-phase motility in the spirochete Leptospira: swimming and crawling. Sci
Adv 4:eaar7975. https://doi.org/10.1126/
sciadv.aar7975
12. Kaiser GE, Doetsch RN (1975) Letter:
Enhanced translational motion of Leptospira
in viscous environments. Nature 255:656–657
13. Greenberg EP, Canale-Parola E (1977) Relationship between cell coiling and motility of
spirochetes in viscous environments. J Bacteriol
131:960–969
14. Goldstein SF, Charon NW (1988) Motility of
the spirochete Leptospira. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 9:101–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cm.970090202
15. Adler J, Dahl MM (1967) A method for measuring the motility of bacteria and for comparing random and non-random motility. J Gen
Microbiol 46:161–173. https://doi.org/10.
1099/00221287-46-2-161
16. Berg HC, Brown DA (1972) Chemotaxis in
Escherichia coli analysed by three-dimensional
tracking. Nature 239:500–504
17. Affroze S, Islam MS, Takabe K et al (2016)
Characterization of leptospiral chemoreceptors
using a microscopic agar drop assay. Curr
Microbiol 73:202–205. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00284-016-1049-1
18. Ellinghausen H Jr, McCullough W (1965)
Nutrition Of Leptospira pomona and growth
of 13 other serotypes: a serum-free medium
employing oleic albumin complex. Am J Vet
Res 26:39
19. Casanovas-Massana A, Pedra GG, Wunder EAJ
et al (2018) Quantification of Leptospira interrogans survival in soil and water microcosms.
Appl Environ Microbiol 84. https://doi.org/
10.1128/AEM.00507-18
20. Lourdault K, Aviat F, Picardeau M (2009) Use
of quantitative real-time PCR for studying the
dissemination of Leptospira interrogans in the
guinea pig infection model of leptospirosis. J
Med Microbiol 58:648–655. https://doi.org/
10.1099/jmm.0.008169-0
21. Picardeau M, Brenot A, Saint Girons I (2001)
First evidence for gene replacement in Leptospira spp. Inactivation of L. biflexa flaB results
in non-motile mutants deficient in endoflagella. Mol Microbiol 40:189–199
22. Yuri K, Takamoto Y, Okada M et al (1993)
Chemotaxis of leptospires to hemoglobin in
relation to virulence. Infect Immun
61:2270–2272
23. Li C, Bakker RG, Motaleb MA et al (2002)
Asymmetrical flagellar rotation in Borrelia
burgdorferi nonchemotactic mutants. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:6169–6174. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092010499
130
Ambroise Lambert
(2016) A novel flagellar sheath protein, FcpA,
determines filament coiling, translational
motility and virulence for the Leptospira spirochete. Mol Microbiol 101:457–470
11. Tahara H, Takabe K, Sasaki Y et al (2018) The
mechanism of two-phase motility in the spirochete Leptospira: swimming and crawling. Sci
Adv 4:eaar7975. https://doi.org/10.1126/
sciadv.aar7975
12. Kaiser GE, Doetsch RN (1975) Letter:
Enhanced translational motion of Leptospira
in viscous environments. Nature 255:656–657
13. Greenberg EP, Canale-Parola E (1977) Relationship between cell coiling and motility of
spirochetes in viscous environments. J Bacteriol
131:960–969
14. Goldstein SF, Charon NW (1988) Motility of
the spirochete Leptospira. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 9:101–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cm.970090202
15. Adler J, Dahl MM (1967) A method for measuring the motility of bacteria and for comparing random and non-random motility. J Gen
Microbiol 46:161–173. https://doi.org/10.
1099/00221287-46-2-161
16. Berg HC, Brown DA (1972) Chemotaxis in
Escherichia coli analysed by three-dimensional
tracking. Nature 239:500–504
17. Affroze S, Islam MS, Takabe K et al (2016)
Characterization of leptospiral chemoreceptors
using a microscopic agar drop assay. Curr
Microbiol 73:202–205. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00284-016-1049-1
18. Ellinghausen H Jr, McCullough W (1965)
Nutrition Of Leptospira pomona and growth
of 13 other serotypes: a serum-free medium
employing oleic albumin complex. Am J Vet
Res 26:39
19. Casanovas-Massana A, Pedra GG, Wunder EAJ
et al (2018) Quantification of Leptospira interrogans survival in soil and water microcosms.
Appl Environ Microbiol 84. https://doi.org/
10.1128/AEM.00507-18
20. Lourdault K, Aviat F, Picardeau M (2009) Use
of quantitative real-time PCR for studying the
dissemination of Leptospira interrogans in the
guinea pig infection model of leptospirosis. J
Med Microbiol 58:648–655. https://doi.org/
10.1099/jmm.0.008169-0
21. Picardeau M, Brenot A, Saint Girons I (2001)
First evidence for gene replacement in Leptospira spp. Inactivation of L. biflexa flaB results
in non-motile mutants deficient in endoflagella. Mol Microbiol 40:189–199
22. Yuri K, Takamoto Y, Okada M et al (1993)
Chemotaxis of leptospires to hemoglobin in
relation to virulence. Infect Immun
61:2270–2272
23. Li C, Bakker RG, Motaleb MA et al (2002)
Asymmetrical flagellar rotation in Borrelia
burgdorferi nonchemotactic mutants. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:6169–6174. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092010499
130
Ambroise Lambert