32. Stewart PE, Hoff J, Fischer E, Krum JG, Rosa
PA (2004) Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi for identification of phenotypic mutants. Appl Environ
Microbiol 70(10):5973–5979. https://doi.
org/10.1128/AEM.70.10.5973-5979.2004
33. Maier TM, Pechous R, Casey M, Zahrt TC,
Frank DW (2006) In vivo Himar1-based transposon mutagenesis of Francisella tularensis.
Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1878–1885.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.3.18781885.2006
34. Lin T, Gao L, Zhang C, Odeh E, Jacobs MB,
Coutte L, Chaconas G, Philipp MT, Norris SJ
(2012) Analysis of an ordered, comprehensive
STM mutant library in infectious Borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for
mouse infectivity. PLoS One 7(10):e47532.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
0047532
35. Louvel H, Bommezzadri S, Zidane N,
Boursaux-Eude C, Creno S, Magnier A,
Rouy Z, Me ´digue C, Saint Girons I,
Bouchier C, Picardeau M (2006) Comparative
and functional genomic analyses of iron transport and regulation in Leptospira spp. J Bacteriol 188:7893–7904. https://doi.org/10.
1128/JB.00711-06
36. Ristow P, Bourhy P, da Cruz McBride FW,
Figueira CP, Huerre M, Ave P, Girons IS, Ko
AI, Picardeau M (2007) The OmpA-like protein Loa22 is essential for leptospiral virulence.
PLoS Pathog 3:e97. 07-PLPA-RA-0228 [pii]
37. Lourdault K, Cerqueira GM, Wunder EA,
Picardeau M (2011) Inactivation of clpB in
the pathogen Leptospira interrogans reduces
virulence and resistance to stress conditions.
Infect Immun 79(9):3711–3717. https://doi.
org/10.1128/iai.05168-11
38. Petrosova H, Picardeau M (2014) Screening of
a Leptospira biflexa mutant library to identify
genes involved in ethidium bromide tolerance.
Appl Environ Microbiol 80:6091–6103.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01619-14
39. Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG (1965)
Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of
13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic
albumin complex and a medium of bovine
albumin and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res
26:45–51
40. Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967) Differentiation
of
pathogenic
and
saprophytic
letospires. I. Growth at low temperatures. J
Bacteriol 94:27–31
41. Slamti L, Picardeau M (2012) Construction of
a library of random mutants in the spirochete
Leptospira biflexa using a mariner transposon.
Methods Mol Biol 859:169–176. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-1-61779-603-6_9
42. Beeman RW, Stauth DM (1997) Rapid cloning
of insect transposon insertion junctions using
“universal” PCR. Insect Mol Biol 6(1):83–88.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.1997.
00159.x
43. Fontana C, Lambert A, Benaroudj N,
Gasparini D, Gorgette O, Cachet N,
Bomchil N, Picardeau M (2016) Analysis of a
spontaneous non-motile and avirulent mutant
shows that FliM is required for full endoflagella
assembly in Leptospira interrogans. PLoS One
11(4):e0152916. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0152916
44. Eshghi A, Becam J, Lambert A, Sismeiro O,
Dillies MA, Jagla B, Wunder EA Jr, Ko AI,
Coppee JY, Goarant C, Picardeau M (2014) A
putative regulatory genetic locus modulates
virulence in the pathogen Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 82:2542–2552. https://
doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01803-14
45. Committee on Hazardous Biological Substances in, Laboratory NRC (1989) Biosafety
in the laboratory: prudent practices for
handling and disposal of infectious materials.
In: Biosafety in the laboratory: prudent practices for handling and disposal of infectious
materials.
National
Academies
Press,
Washington, DC
46. Sewell DL (1995) Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety. Clin Microbiol Rev 8
(3):389–405
47. Cameron CE (2015) Leptospiral structure,
physiology, and metabolism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387:21–41. https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_3
96
Christopher J. Pappas et al.
PA (2004) Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi for identification of phenotypic mutants. Appl Environ
Microbiol 70(10):5973–5979. https://doi.
org/10.1128/AEM.70.10.5973-5979.2004
33. Maier TM, Pechous R, Casey M, Zahrt TC,
Frank DW (2006) In vivo Himar1-based transposon mutagenesis of Francisella tularensis.
Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1878–1885.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.3.18781885.2006
34. Lin T, Gao L, Zhang C, Odeh E, Jacobs MB,
Coutte L, Chaconas G, Philipp MT, Norris SJ
(2012) Analysis of an ordered, comprehensive
STM mutant library in infectious Borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for
mouse infectivity. PLoS One 7(10):e47532.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
0047532
35. Louvel H, Bommezzadri S, Zidane N,
Boursaux-Eude C, Creno S, Magnier A,
Rouy Z, Me ´digue C, Saint Girons I,
Bouchier C, Picardeau M (2006) Comparative
and functional genomic analyses of iron transport and regulation in Leptospira spp. J Bacteriol 188:7893–7904. https://doi.org/10.
1128/JB.00711-06
36. Ristow P, Bourhy P, da Cruz McBride FW,
Figueira CP, Huerre M, Ave P, Girons IS, Ko
AI, Picardeau M (2007) The OmpA-like protein Loa22 is essential for leptospiral virulence.
PLoS Pathog 3:e97. 07-PLPA-RA-0228 [pii]
37. Lourdault K, Cerqueira GM, Wunder EA,
Picardeau M (2011) Inactivation of clpB in
the pathogen Leptospira interrogans reduces
virulence and resistance to stress conditions.
Infect Immun 79(9):3711–3717. https://doi.
org/10.1128/iai.05168-11
38. Petrosova H, Picardeau M (2014) Screening of
a Leptospira biflexa mutant library to identify
genes involved in ethidium bromide tolerance.
Appl Environ Microbiol 80:6091–6103.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01619-14
39. Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG (1965)
Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of
13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic
albumin complex and a medium of bovine
albumin and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res
26:45–51
40. Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967) Differentiation
of
pathogenic
and
saprophytic
letospires. I. Growth at low temperatures. J
Bacteriol 94:27–31
41. Slamti L, Picardeau M (2012) Construction of
a library of random mutants in the spirochete
Leptospira biflexa using a mariner transposon.
Methods Mol Biol 859:169–176. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-1-61779-603-6_9
42. Beeman RW, Stauth DM (1997) Rapid cloning
of insect transposon insertion junctions using
“universal” PCR. Insect Mol Biol 6(1):83–88.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.1997.
00159.x
43. Fontana C, Lambert A, Benaroudj N,
Gasparini D, Gorgette O, Cachet N,
Bomchil N, Picardeau M (2016) Analysis of a
spontaneous non-motile and avirulent mutant
shows that FliM is required for full endoflagella
assembly in Leptospira interrogans. PLoS One
11(4):e0152916. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0152916
44. Eshghi A, Becam J, Lambert A, Sismeiro O,
Dillies MA, Jagla B, Wunder EA Jr, Ko AI,
Coppee JY, Goarant C, Picardeau M (2014) A
putative regulatory genetic locus modulates
virulence in the pathogen Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 82:2542–2552. https://
doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01803-14
45. Committee on Hazardous Biological Substances in, Laboratory NRC (1989) Biosafety
in the laboratory: prudent practices for
handling and disposal of infectious materials.
In: Biosafety in the laboratory: prudent practices for handling and disposal of infectious
materials.
National
Academies
Press,
Washington, DC
46. Sewell DL (1995) Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety. Clin Microbiol Rev 8
(3):389–405
47. Cameron CE (2015) Leptospiral structure,
physiology, and metabolism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387:21–41. https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_3
96
Christopher J. Pappas et al.