342
I. I. Smolyaninov and V. N. Smolyaninova
field optical microscopy down to the ~30 nm scale. Unlike more time-consuming
near-field optical techniques, the described far-field 2D imaging allows very simple,
fast, robust, and straightforward image acquisition. Widespread availability of these
techniques to the research community should bring about numerous advances in
imaging, lithography, and sensing. However, metamaterial losses remain an important performance-limiting issue. It remains to be seen if loss compensation using
gain media [31] will be able to overcome this problem.
References
1. D.W. Pohl, D. Courjon (eds.), Near Field Optics (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
1993)
2. S.W. Hell, Far field optical nanoscopy. Science 316, 1153–1158 (2007)
3. J.B. Pendry, Negative refraction makes a perfect lens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966–3969 (2000)
4. N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, X. Zhang, Sub–diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver
superlens. Science 308, 534–537 (2005)
5. D.O.S. Melville, R.J. Blaikie, Super-resolution imaging through a planar silver layer. Opt.
Express 13, 2127–2134 (2005)
6. I.I. Smolyaninov, J. Elliott, A. Zayats, C.C. Davis, Far-field optical microscopy with a
nanometer-scale resolution based on the in-plane image magnification by surface plasmon
polaritons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 057401 (2005)
7. A.V. Zayats, I.I. Smolyaninov, Near-field photonics: surface plasmon polaritons and localized
surface plasmons. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 5, S16–S50 (2003)
8. I.I. Smolyaninov, C.C. Davis, J. Elliott, G. Wurtz, A.V. Zayats, Super-resolution optical
microscopy based on photonic crystal materials. Phys. Rev. B 72, 085442 (2005)
9. S.A. Ramakrishna, J.B. Pendry, Spherical perfect lens: solutions of Maxwell’s equations for
spherical geometry. Phys. Rev. B 69, 115115 (2004)
10. Z. Jakob, L.V. Alekseyev, E. Narimanov, Optical Hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the
diffraction limit. Opt. Express 14, 8247–8256 (2006)
11. A. Salandrino, N. Engheta, Far-field subdiffraction optical microscopy using metamaterial
crystals: theory and simulations. Phys. Rev. B 74, 075103 (2006)
12. I.I. Smolyaninov, Y.J. Hung, C.C. Davis, Magnifying superlens in the visible frequency range.
Science 315, 1699–1702 (2007)
13. Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, X. Zhang, Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying subdiffraction-limited objects. Science 315, 1686 (2007)
14. I.I. Smolyaninov, C.C. Davis, J. Elliott, G. Wurtz, A.V. Zayats, Digital resolution enhancement
in surface plasmon microscopy. Appl. Phys. B – Lasers Opt. 84, 253–256 (2006)
15. Z. Wang et al., Optical virtual imaging at 50 nm lateral resolution with a white-light nanoscope.
Nat. Commun. 2, 218 (2011)
16. U. Leonhardt, Perfect imaging without negative refraction. New J. Phys. 11, 093040 (2009)
17. J.C. Minano, Perfect imaging in a homogeneous three dimensional region. Opt. Express 14,
9627–9635 (2006)
18. V.N. Smolyaninova, I.I. Smolyaninov, A.V. Kildishev, V.M. Shalaev, Maxwell fisheye and
Eaton lenses emulated by microdroplets. Opt. Lett. 35, 3396–3398 (2010)
19. T.W. Ebbesen, H.J. Lezec, H.F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, P.A. Wolff, Extraordinary optical transmission
through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature 391, 667–669 (1998)
20. I.I. Smolyaninov, V.N. Smolyaninova, A.V. Kildishev, V.M. Shalaev, Anisotropic metamaterials
emulated by tapered waveguides: application to electromagnetic cloaking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102,
213901 (2009)
I. I. Smolyaninov and V. N. Smolyaninova
field optical microscopy down to the ~30 nm scale. Unlike more time-consuming
near-field optical techniques, the described far-field 2D imaging allows very simple,
fast, robust, and straightforward image acquisition. Widespread availability of these
techniques to the research community should bring about numerous advances in
imaging, lithography, and sensing. However, metamaterial losses remain an important performance-limiting issue. It remains to be seen if loss compensation using
gain media [31] will be able to overcome this problem.
References
1. D.W. Pohl, D. Courjon (eds.), Near Field Optics (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
1993)
2. S.W. Hell, Far field optical nanoscopy. Science 316, 1153–1158 (2007)
3. J.B. Pendry, Negative refraction makes a perfect lens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966–3969 (2000)
4. N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, X. Zhang, Sub–diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver
superlens. Science 308, 534–537 (2005)
5. D.O.S. Melville, R.J. Blaikie, Super-resolution imaging through a planar silver layer. Opt.
Express 13, 2127–2134 (2005)
6. I.I. Smolyaninov, J. Elliott, A. Zayats, C.C. Davis, Far-field optical microscopy with a
nanometer-scale resolution based on the in-plane image magnification by surface plasmon
polaritons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 057401 (2005)
7. A.V. Zayats, I.I. Smolyaninov, Near-field photonics: surface plasmon polaritons and localized
surface plasmons. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 5, S16–S50 (2003)
8. I.I. Smolyaninov, C.C. Davis, J. Elliott, G. Wurtz, A.V. Zayats, Super-resolution optical
microscopy based on photonic crystal materials. Phys. Rev. B 72, 085442 (2005)
9. S.A. Ramakrishna, J.B. Pendry, Spherical perfect lens: solutions of Maxwell’s equations for
spherical geometry. Phys. Rev. B 69, 115115 (2004)
10. Z. Jakob, L.V. Alekseyev, E. Narimanov, Optical Hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the
diffraction limit. Opt. Express 14, 8247–8256 (2006)
11. A. Salandrino, N. Engheta, Far-field subdiffraction optical microscopy using metamaterial
crystals: theory and simulations. Phys. Rev. B 74, 075103 (2006)
12. I.I. Smolyaninov, Y.J. Hung, C.C. Davis, Magnifying superlens in the visible frequency range.
Science 315, 1699–1702 (2007)
13. Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, X. Zhang, Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying subdiffraction-limited objects. Science 315, 1686 (2007)
14. I.I. Smolyaninov, C.C. Davis, J. Elliott, G. Wurtz, A.V. Zayats, Digital resolution enhancement
in surface plasmon microscopy. Appl. Phys. B – Lasers Opt. 84, 253–256 (2006)
15. Z. Wang et al., Optical virtual imaging at 50 nm lateral resolution with a white-light nanoscope.
Nat. Commun. 2, 218 (2011)
16. U. Leonhardt, Perfect imaging without negative refraction. New J. Phys. 11, 093040 (2009)
17. J.C. Minano, Perfect imaging in a homogeneous three dimensional region. Opt. Express 14,
9627–9635 (2006)
18. V.N. Smolyaninova, I.I. Smolyaninov, A.V. Kildishev, V.M. Shalaev, Maxwell fisheye and
Eaton lenses emulated by microdroplets. Opt. Lett. 35, 3396–3398 (2010)
19. T.W. Ebbesen, H.J. Lezec, H.F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, P.A. Wolff, Extraordinary optical transmission
through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature 391, 667–669 (1998)
20. I.I. Smolyaninov, V.N. Smolyaninova, A.V. Kildishev, V.M. Shalaev, Anisotropic metamaterials
emulated by tapered waveguides: application to electromagnetic cloaking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102,
213901 (2009)