10.2 Principle of Super-Resolution Based on Nonlinear Absorption
and Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.2.1 Saturation of Emission + Temporal Modulation:
SAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.2.2 All-Optical Switching + Spatial Modulation +
Saturation: STED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.3 Discovery of Nonlinear Plasmonic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3.1 Nonlinear Scattering of Au Nanospheres . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3.2 Nonlinear Scattering in Various Plasmonic
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
10.3.3 All-Optical Switch on a Plasmonic (Au)
Nanospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
10.4 Super-Resolution Based on Nonlinear Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.4.1 Super Resolution Based on Reverse Saturation
of Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.4.2 Super-Resolution Based on Combination
of Saturation of Plasmonic Scattering and SAX . . . . . . 254
10.4.3 Super-Resolution Based on Optical Suppression
of Scattering Imaging (SUSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
11 Label-Free Super-Resolution Microscopy by Nonlinear
Photo-modulated Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Omer Tzang, Dror Hershkovitz and Ori Cheshnovsky
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
11.1.1 Pump and Probe with Large Difference
in Wavelengths for SR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
11.2 Nonlinear Photo-modulated Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.2.1 Photo-Induced Reflectivity Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.2.2 The Principles of Nonlinear Photo-Modulated
Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.2.3 Timescales of the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
11.2.4 The Relation Between High Harmonics Detection
and SR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
11.2.5 The Need for Pure Sinusoidal Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . 267
11.3 Experimental System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.4 Examples of NPMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
11.4.1 Silicon on Sapphire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
11.4.2 Gold on Sapphire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11.4.3 Vanadium Oxide on Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11.5 Modality Variations to Improve and Simplify NPMR . . . . . . . . 273
11.5.1 Spatial Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Contents
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and Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.2.1 Saturation of Emission + Temporal Modulation:
SAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.2.2 All-Optical Switching + Spatial Modulation +
Saturation: STED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.3 Discovery of Nonlinear Plasmonic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3.1 Nonlinear Scattering of Au Nanospheres . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3.2 Nonlinear Scattering in Various Plasmonic
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
10.3.3 All-Optical Switch on a Plasmonic (Au)
Nanospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
10.4 Super-Resolution Based on Nonlinear Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.4.1 Super Resolution Based on Reverse Saturation
of Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.4.2 Super-Resolution Based on Combination
of Saturation of Plasmonic Scattering and SAX . . . . . . 254
10.4.3 Super-Resolution Based on Optical Suppression
of Scattering Imaging (SUSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
11 Label-Free Super-Resolution Microscopy by Nonlinear
Photo-modulated Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Omer Tzang, Dror Hershkovitz and Ori Cheshnovsky
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
11.1.1 Pump and Probe with Large Difference
in Wavelengths for SR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
11.2 Nonlinear Photo-modulated Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.2.1 Photo-Induced Reflectivity Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.2.2 The Principles of Nonlinear Photo-Modulated
Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.2.3 Timescales of the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
11.2.4 The Relation Between High Harmonics Detection
and SR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
11.2.5 The Need for Pure Sinusoidal Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . 267
11.3 Experimental System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.4 Examples of NPMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
11.4.1 Silicon on Sapphire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
11.4.2 Gold on Sapphire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11.4.3 Vanadium Oxide on Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11.5 Modality Variations to Improve and Simplify NPMR . . . . . . . . 273
11.5.1 Spatial Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Contents
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