104
B. Simon and O. Haeberlé
Machine learning approaches have also recently attracted the interest of the community, to facilitate image reconstruction and/or go beyond classical inversion methods [202–205].
Note also that a close relationship does exist between conventional microscopy
and TDM [78], and recently, a unified description of TDM has been proposed, to
which the interested reader is referred [206] for more details. In particular, TDM
in reflection mode, not developed here, also present some advantages compared to
standard optical microscopy, even when only basic image reconstruction approaches
are used [207, 208].
Finally, the interested reader will find in recent reviews and specials issues about
quantitative phase imaging [209–212] latest developments, as well as applications of
the technique into many domains. While many results apply for phase microscopy,
which is in fact a simplified version of TDM, the domains of application highlighted
in these contributions, will certainly also benefit from the better imaging capabilities
of TDM.
References
1. S.W. Hell, J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission:
stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19, 780–782 (1994)
2. E. Betzig et al., Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution. Science
313, 1642–1645 (2006)
3. M.J. Rust, M. Bates, X. Zhuang, Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat. Methods 3, 793–796 (2006)
4. S.T. Hess, T.P.K. Girirajan, M.D. Mason, Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy. Biophys. J. 91, 4258–4272 (2006)
5. F. Balzarotti et al., Nanometer resolution imaging and tracking of fluorescent molecules with
minimal photon fluxes. Science 355, 606–612 (2017)
6. S.-L. Liu et al., Observing the cell in its native state: imaging subcellular dynamics in multicellular organisms. Science 360, 284–297 (2018)
7. P.J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, L.M. Loew, High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging
of live cells by second harmonic generation. Biophys. J. 77, 3341–3349 (1999)
8. L. Moreaux, O. Sandre, M. Blanchard-Desce, J. Mertz, Membrane imaging by simultaneous
second-harmonic generation and two-photon microscopy. Opt. Lett. 25, 320–322 (2000)
9. D. Oron et al., Depth-resolved structural imaging by third-harmonic generation microscopy.
J. Struct. Biol. 147, 3–11 (2004)
10. G. Turrell, J. Corset, Raman Microscopy. Developments and Applications (Academic Press,
1996)
11. X. Nan, J.X. Cheng, X.S. Xie, Vibrational imaging of lipid droplets in live fibroblast cells
with coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J. Lipid Res. 44, 2202–2208 (2003)
12. F. Zernike, Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent
objects. Part I Physica 9, 686–698 (1942)
13. F. Zernike, Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent
objects. Part II Physica 9, 974–986 (1942)
14. T.E. Gureyev, K.A. Nugent, Rapid quantitative phase imaging using the transport of intensity
equation. Opt. Commun. 133, 339–346 (1997)
15. A. Barty, K.A. Nugent, D. Paganin, A. Roberts, Quantitative optical phase microscopy. Opt.
Lett. 23, 817–819 (1998)
B. Simon and O. Haeberlé
Machine learning approaches have also recently attracted the interest of the community, to facilitate image reconstruction and/or go beyond classical inversion methods [202–205].
Note also that a close relationship does exist between conventional microscopy
and TDM [78], and recently, a unified description of TDM has been proposed, to
which the interested reader is referred [206] for more details. In particular, TDM
in reflection mode, not developed here, also present some advantages compared to
standard optical microscopy, even when only basic image reconstruction approaches
are used [207, 208].
Finally, the interested reader will find in recent reviews and specials issues about
quantitative phase imaging [209–212] latest developments, as well as applications of
the technique into many domains. While many results apply for phase microscopy,
which is in fact a simplified version of TDM, the domains of application highlighted
in these contributions, will certainly also benefit from the better imaging capabilities
of TDM.
References
1. S.W. Hell, J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission:
stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19, 780–782 (1994)
2. E. Betzig et al., Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution. Science
313, 1642–1645 (2006)
3. M.J. Rust, M. Bates, X. Zhuang, Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat. Methods 3, 793–796 (2006)
4. S.T. Hess, T.P.K. Girirajan, M.D. Mason, Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy. Biophys. J. 91, 4258–4272 (2006)
5. F. Balzarotti et al., Nanometer resolution imaging and tracking of fluorescent molecules with
minimal photon fluxes. Science 355, 606–612 (2017)
6. S.-L. Liu et al., Observing the cell in its native state: imaging subcellular dynamics in multicellular organisms. Science 360, 284–297 (2018)
7. P.J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, L.M. Loew, High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging
of live cells by second harmonic generation. Biophys. J. 77, 3341–3349 (1999)
8. L. Moreaux, O. Sandre, M. Blanchard-Desce, J. Mertz, Membrane imaging by simultaneous
second-harmonic generation and two-photon microscopy. Opt. Lett. 25, 320–322 (2000)
9. D. Oron et al., Depth-resolved structural imaging by third-harmonic generation microscopy.
J. Struct. Biol. 147, 3–11 (2004)
10. G. Turrell, J. Corset, Raman Microscopy. Developments and Applications (Academic Press,
1996)
11. X. Nan, J.X. Cheng, X.S. Xie, Vibrational imaging of lipid droplets in live fibroblast cells
with coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J. Lipid Res. 44, 2202–2208 (2003)
12. F. Zernike, Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent
objects. Part I Physica 9, 686–698 (1942)
13. F. Zernike, Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent
objects. Part II Physica 9, 974–986 (1942)
14. T.E. Gureyev, K.A. Nugent, Rapid quantitative phase imaging using the transport of intensity
equation. Opt. Commun. 133, 339–346 (1997)
15. A. Barty, K.A. Nugent, D. Paganin, A. Roberts, Quantitative optical phase microscopy. Opt.
Lett. 23, 817–819 (1998)