16
W. L. Nowinski
2.2.5 Sectional Neuroanatomy
Sectional (planar) neuroanatomy is typically presented on orthogonal (axial, coronal, and sagittal) images. In order to spatially locate the orthogonal images, we
place them in the Talairach coordinate system [48], which is a stereotactic reference
system based on the anterior and posterior commissures (see also Fig. 2.28a) with
the origin at the centre of the anterior commissure (see also Figs. 2.8, 2.9, and 2.10).
Four axial images located at −12 mm, +1 mm, +12 mm, and +24 mm (where
‘−’ denotes the level below and ‘+’ above the anterior commissure) with the cortical
areas and deep grey nuclei segmented and labelled are shown in Fig. 2.8.
Two coronal images passing through the anterior and posterior commissures are
presented in Fig. 2.9.
Two sagittal images located at 3 mm and 21 mm from the midline are shown in
Fig. 2.10.
2.2.6 Main Stereotactic Target Structures
Several subcortical structures (and more recently also some cortical areas) are
therapeutic stimulation targets in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery [83] to
treat movement disorders (mainly Parkinson’s disease), epilepsy, pain, and mental
disorders (psychosurgery). The main stereotactic target structures are:
• Subthalamic nucleus (a part of the basal ganglia) (Fig. 2.11)
• Ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Fig. 2.12)
• Globus pallidus interna (medial segment) (Fig. 2.13)
The subthalamic nucleus presented on the triplanar (the axial, coronal, and
sagittal planes) is shown in Fig. 2.11.
The ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus on the triplanar is presented in
Fig. 2.12.
The globus pallidus interna on the triplanar is illustrated in Fig. 2.13.
All three target structures in 3D placed in the Talairach stereotactic coordinate
system are shown in Fig. 2.14.
2.2.7 Functional Areas
Several parcellations are introduced to subdivide the cortical regions into functional
areas [16]. Brodmann’s parcellation that is based on histology (cytoarchitecture)
is the most widely used, and it is illustrated in axial orientation in Fig. 2.15.
Brodmann’s areas are useful in neuroscience and functional studies because many
W. L. Nowinski
2.2.5 Sectional Neuroanatomy
Sectional (planar) neuroanatomy is typically presented on orthogonal (axial, coronal, and sagittal) images. In order to spatially locate the orthogonal images, we
place them in the Talairach coordinate system [48], which is a stereotactic reference
system based on the anterior and posterior commissures (see also Fig. 2.28a) with
the origin at the centre of the anterior commissure (see also Figs. 2.8, 2.9, and 2.10).
Four axial images located at −12 mm, +1 mm, +12 mm, and +24 mm (where
‘−’ denotes the level below and ‘+’ above the anterior commissure) with the cortical
areas and deep grey nuclei segmented and labelled are shown in Fig. 2.8.
Two coronal images passing through the anterior and posterior commissures are
presented in Fig. 2.9.
Two sagittal images located at 3 mm and 21 mm from the midline are shown in
Fig. 2.10.
2.2.6 Main Stereotactic Target Structures
Several subcortical structures (and more recently also some cortical areas) are
therapeutic stimulation targets in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery [83] to
treat movement disorders (mainly Parkinson’s disease), epilepsy, pain, and mental
disorders (psychosurgery). The main stereotactic target structures are:
• Subthalamic nucleus (a part of the basal ganglia) (Fig. 2.11)
• Ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Fig. 2.12)
• Globus pallidus interna (medial segment) (Fig. 2.13)
The subthalamic nucleus presented on the triplanar (the axial, coronal, and
sagittal planes) is shown in Fig. 2.11.
The ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus on the triplanar is presented in
Fig. 2.12.
The globus pallidus interna on the triplanar is illustrated in Fig. 2.13.
All three target structures in 3D placed in the Talairach stereotactic coordinate
system are shown in Fig. 2.14.
2.2.7 Functional Areas
Several parcellations are introduced to subdivide the cortical regions into functional
areas [16]. Brodmann’s parcellation that is based on histology (cytoarchitecture)
is the most widely used, and it is illustrated in axial orientation in Fig. 2.15.
Brodmann’s areas are useful in neuroscience and functional studies because many