Chapter 5
Modelling of the Brain for Injury
Simulation and Prevention
King H. Yang and Haojie Mao
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Incidence and Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury
According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), traumatic brain
injuries (TBIs) accounted for more than 1.4 million emergency department visits,
275,000 hospitalisations, and 52,000 deaths each year [15] in the USA. Additionally,
Langlois et al. [53] at CDC estimated that 1.6 to 3.8 million concussion cases
occur in sports and recreational activities annually. They speculated that available
injury surveillance data systems might have underestimated the magnitude of TBI
cases, because these systems typically did not include those treated in hospital
outpatient settings or physicians’ offices, those treated in military facilities both
in the USA and abroad, and those receiving medical care, but the TBIs were not
properly diagnosed. At least 5.3 million Americans, approximately 2% of the US
population, are living with long-term or lifelong disability associated with a TBI that
resulted in hospitalisation. In European countries, Tagliaferri et al. [91] estimated
that the incidence rate for hospitalised and fatal TBI patients was 235 per 100,000
population per year, which is more than double the number (103 per 100,000)
reported for the USA.
The most common cause of TBI in the USA is falls (35.2%) with large
percentages of these cases happening in children and elderly [15]. For children aged
0 to 14 years and adults aged 65 and older, fall-induced TBIs accounted for 50.2%
K. H. Yang ()
Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
e-mail: aa0007@wayne.edu
H. Mao
Western University, London, ON, Canada
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
K. Miller (ed.), Biomechanics of the Brain, Biological and Medical Physics,
Biomedical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04996-6_5
97
Modelling of the Brain for Injury
Simulation and Prevention
King H. Yang and Haojie Mao
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Incidence and Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury
According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), traumatic brain
injuries (TBIs) accounted for more than 1.4 million emergency department visits,
275,000 hospitalisations, and 52,000 deaths each year [15] in the USA. Additionally,
Langlois et al. [53] at CDC estimated that 1.6 to 3.8 million concussion cases
occur in sports and recreational activities annually. They speculated that available
injury surveillance data systems might have underestimated the magnitude of TBI
cases, because these systems typically did not include those treated in hospital
outpatient settings or physicians’ offices, those treated in military facilities both
in the USA and abroad, and those receiving medical care, but the TBIs were not
properly diagnosed. At least 5.3 million Americans, approximately 2% of the US
population, are living with long-term or lifelong disability associated with a TBI that
resulted in hospitalisation. In European countries, Tagliaferri et al. [91] estimated
that the incidence rate for hospitalised and fatal TBI patients was 235 per 100,000
population per year, which is more than double the number (103 per 100,000)
reported for the USA.
The most common cause of TBI in the USA is falls (35.2%) with large
percentages of these cases happening in children and elderly [15]. For children aged
0 to 14 years and adults aged 65 and older, fall-induced TBIs accounted for 50.2%
K. H. Yang ()
Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
e-mail: aa0007@wayne.edu
H. Mao
Western University, London, ON, Canada
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
K. Miller (ed.), Biomechanics of the Brain, Biological and Medical Physics,
Biomedical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04996-6_5
97