115
6.2.2 Electronic-Waste Management Issues
Technical innovation and economic development in developing countries made
them produce a huge amount of electrical and electronic equipments (Hossain et al.
2015). Also Electronic-waste management was the huge headache for countries,
since they are produced or imported as used items (Nnorom and Osibanjo 2008b).
Due to low income and middle income, Electronic-waste is disposed of in unsanitary landfill sites. Wires are burned down to recover copper in it. Printed circuit
boards are acid extracted to retrieve gold, platinum, palladium, and silver coated in
them. These kinds of activities are seen in developing countries like India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ghana; somewhere they lack the facility to safeguard health
and environment (Leung et al. 2006; SEPA 2011). Seitz (2014) revealed Electronicwaste was a rising concern among developing countries toward the environment and
public health.
6.2.3 Worldwide Electronic-Waste Generation
Fossil fuels were exploited heavily and utilized as a cheap energy source. If these
exist, they get depleted in near future which paves way for the emerging of secondary energy source. In 2014 worldwide 41.8 Mt of Electronic-waste was produced,
and it was estimated to increase around 50 Mt in 2018 at a yearly growth rate of 5%
(Balde et al. 2015). China is an emerging economy and the largest electronicmanufacturing country which makes them second in waste electrical and electronic
equipment generation next to the USA (McCann and Wittmann 2015). Emerging
countries were generating twice the amount of Electronic-waste than the urbanized
countries. Developed countries were even depositing their Electronic-waste onto
the developing countries leading to serious issues. This causes serious environmental problems and health issues for the local population. Table 6.2 elaborates the
types of waste produced across various developing and developed countries.
Table 6.2 Literature review
on types of waste produced
across countries
Country Type of waste
References
Jordan
Electronic-waste Ikhlayel (2017)
Iran
MSW
Abduli et al. (2011)
Italy
MSW
Buratti et al. (2015)
Brazil
Electronic-waste De-Souza et al. (2016)
China
Electronic-waste Hong et al. (2015)
Jordan
MSW
Ikhlayel et al. (2016)
Vietnam MSW
Thanh and Matsui (2013)
Macau
Electronic-waste Song et al. (2013)
China
Electronic-waste Bian et al. (2016)
Sakarya MSW
Erses-Yay (2015)
6 Chemical Recycling of Electronic-Waste for Clean Fuel Production
6.2.2 Electronic-Waste Management Issues
Technical innovation and economic development in developing countries made
them produce a huge amount of electrical and electronic equipments (Hossain et al.
2015). Also Electronic-waste management was the huge headache for countries,
since they are produced or imported as used items (Nnorom and Osibanjo 2008b).
Due to low income and middle income, Electronic-waste is disposed of in unsanitary landfill sites. Wires are burned down to recover copper in it. Printed circuit
boards are acid extracted to retrieve gold, platinum, palladium, and silver coated in
them. These kinds of activities are seen in developing countries like India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ghana; somewhere they lack the facility to safeguard health
and environment (Leung et al. 2006; SEPA 2011). Seitz (2014) revealed Electronicwaste was a rising concern among developing countries toward the environment and
public health.
6.2.3 Worldwide Electronic-Waste Generation
Fossil fuels were exploited heavily and utilized as a cheap energy source. If these
exist, they get depleted in near future which paves way for the emerging of secondary energy source. In 2014 worldwide 41.8 Mt of Electronic-waste was produced,
and it was estimated to increase around 50 Mt in 2018 at a yearly growth rate of 5%
(Balde et al. 2015). China is an emerging economy and the largest electronicmanufacturing country which makes them second in waste electrical and electronic
equipment generation next to the USA (McCann and Wittmann 2015). Emerging
countries were generating twice the amount of Electronic-waste than the urbanized
countries. Developed countries were even depositing their Electronic-waste onto
the developing countries leading to serious issues. This causes serious environmental problems and health issues for the local population. Table 6.2 elaborates the
types of waste produced across various developing and developed countries.
Table 6.2 Literature review
on types of waste produced
across countries
Country Type of waste
References
Jordan
Electronic-waste Ikhlayel (2017)
Iran
MSW
Abduli et al. (2011)
Italy
MSW
Buratti et al. (2015)
Brazil
Electronic-waste De-Souza et al. (2016)
China
Electronic-waste Hong et al. (2015)
Jordan
MSW
Ikhlayel et al. (2016)
Vietnam MSW
Thanh and Matsui (2013)
Macau
Electronic-waste Song et al. (2013)
China
Electronic-waste Bian et al. (2016)
Sakarya MSW
Erses-Yay (2015)
6 Chemical Recycling of Electronic-Waste for Clean Fuel Production