characteristic phenotypes (Fig. 21.2). Dendritic cells are sampling the pattern of
non-self invaders using PRRs such as TLR and contribute as APCs to evoke
adaptive immunity and harbor MHC molecules on their surfaces.
Kupffer cells engulf most of the circulating pathogens and the similar objects by
recognizing their repetitive patterns of invasive ones such as protozoa, bacteria and
viruses. They also have FccR which recognize immunoglobulins and immune
Fig. 21.2 Tissue-resident macrophages as Kupffer cells (KC). Nanomaterials reach the sinusoid
to meet Kupffer cells or endothelial cells (LSEC: liver sinusoidal endothelial cells), or pass through
fenestrae to arrive at space of Disse. Here nanomaterials will meet myeloid dendritic cells (DC),
conventional DC (cDC) or plasmacytoid DC (pDC). Hepatocytes are also watching the
nanoparticles. Monocyte-derived macrophage (MoMF) is usually in the sinusoid and enters the
space of Disse in injury. cMoP: common monocyte progenitor, HSC: hematopoietic stem cell.
Modified from [26] with permission
21 Innate Immunity to Nanomaterials
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