Part I
Exogenous Radionanomedicine
Chapter 2: Exogenous Radionanomedicine: Inorganic Nanomaterials
Chapter 3: Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine as Theranostic Nanomaterials
Chapter 4: Graphene-based Nanomaterials
Chapter 5: Organic Nanomaterials: Liposomes, Albumin, Dendrimer, Polymeric
Nanoparticles
Exogenous radionanomedicine is the simplified phrase representing radionanomedicine using exogenous nanomaterials. Nanomaterials used to be exogenous
in that they were fabricated in laboratories not by nature. In vivo use of exogenous
nanomaterials requires their cleanliness without any toxic substances, nor pathogenic infectious agents nor pyrogenic materials. Among exogenous nanomaterials,
organic ones already began to be used two decades ago with doxorubicin containing
liposomes (Doxil
® ) and currently this went public with the cease of patent-ship.
Albumin joined, dendrimer, or other polymers are struggling to enter into the
success in application to clinical use. In the meanwhile, very small silica
nanoparticle, with the encouraging characteristics of inertness with rapid renal
excretion, called C-dots are in clinical trial for treating brain tumors now. Other
inorganic materials such as iron oxide, gold, and various forms of particles not
made of any frank toxic substances such as lanthanide-doped upconversion
nanoparticles or surface-enhanced Raman scattering dots are sincerely being
investigated but yet without any tangible roles in clinics. Radiolabeled inorganic
nanoparticles such as iron oxide or gold or even CdSe quantum dots might be able
to be used in vivo when they were used in trace amount (10
16 particles or less)
according to the regulatory guidance of microdosing test for first in humans. And
this can be a breakthrough for any nanomaterials reported to be implied for their
potential for clinical utility. This spectrum of exogenous nanomaterials was
described in Chaps. 2 and 5 with the selected reports in the literature so that the
readers can feel the progress of the discipline of nanomaterials sciences.
Exogenous Radionanomedicine
Chapter 2: Exogenous Radionanomedicine: Inorganic Nanomaterials
Chapter 3: Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine as Theranostic Nanomaterials
Chapter 4: Graphene-based Nanomaterials
Chapter 5: Organic Nanomaterials: Liposomes, Albumin, Dendrimer, Polymeric
Nanoparticles
Exogenous radionanomedicine is the simplified phrase representing radionanomedicine using exogenous nanomaterials. Nanomaterials used to be exogenous
in that they were fabricated in laboratories not by nature. In vivo use of exogenous
nanomaterials requires their cleanliness without any toxic substances, nor pathogenic infectious agents nor pyrogenic materials. Among exogenous nanomaterials,
organic ones already began to be used two decades ago with doxorubicin containing
liposomes (Doxil
® ) and currently this went public with the cease of patent-ship.
Albumin joined, dendrimer, or other polymers are struggling to enter into the
success in application to clinical use. In the meanwhile, very small silica
nanoparticle, with the encouraging characteristics of inertness with rapid renal
excretion, called C-dots are in clinical trial for treating brain tumors now. Other
inorganic materials such as iron oxide, gold, and various forms of particles not
made of any frank toxic substances such as lanthanide-doped upconversion
nanoparticles or surface-enhanced Raman scattering dots are sincerely being
investigated but yet without any tangible roles in clinics. Radiolabeled inorganic
nanoparticles such as iron oxide or gold or even CdSe quantum dots might be able
to be used in vivo when they were used in trace amount (10
16 particles or less)
according to the regulatory guidance of microdosing test for first in humans. And
this can be a breakthrough for any nanomaterials reported to be implied for their
potential for clinical utility. This spectrum of exogenous nanomaterials was
described in Chaps. 2 and 5 with the selected reports in the literature so that the
readers can feel the progress of the discipline of nanomaterials sciences.