Innate immunity could have been trained, i.e. enhanced response to the second
encounter by innate immune cells. Beside this, the important Kupffer cells were
repositioned as resident macrophages and circulating monocytes are no more the
exclusive supplier of macrophages in tissues. The imaginary scenario on which
nanomedicines and radionanomedicines will meet bodily immune system was
included in the chapter ‘Innate Immunity’. I wish readers might learn the framework of how readers should estimate the nanomaterial-immune interaction and do
their own thought-experiments about the disposition of radionanomedicines in vivo.
Molecular imaging is struggling to find a way to the clinical use during the
15 years since its composition of independent society and scientific activity. This
field had achieved the goal that we now have every instrument for small animal
imaging. Currently clinically used molecular imaging are the ones already available
when the discipline of molecular imaging was formulated in 2002, i.e. neurotransmitter receptor or transporter imaging or abnormal protein imaging such as
amyloid or tau. Thus, molecular imaging, in narrow sense, imaging of the cellular
and molecular processes elucidated by molecular biology technologies. Engineered
fluorescent proteins contributed a lot to the advancement of molecular biology and
molecular imaging and in vivo translation was tried every time to study important
molecular processes. Bioluminescent proteins followed and now application and
adoption of nanomaterials for similar purposes became prevalent. The most popular
ones are those using quantum dots, surface enhanced Raman scattering dots,
upconversion nanoparticles and graphenes. In vitro, ex vivo or topical application
of these nanomaterials is popular and promising but for systemic application, we
need to make these nanomaterials as multimodal with radiolabeling or choosing
magnetic particles. This was detailed in the chapter of ‘Molecular Imaging’.
Last chapter is the highlight entitled ‘Theranostic Use’. In fact, our eternal goal
is to intervene in the bad pathophysiological processes of the diseases in humans.
Imaging or diagnostic tools are already saturated and the introduction of nanomaterials and their clinical and human use was applauded by the experts and the
public expecting better therapeutics even forcing us to take the risks of using these
materials to humans. Therapeutic use of radionanomedicines labeled with
DNA-breaking or cell-killing beta or alpha ray emitting radioisotope mandates the
understanding of individualized radiation dosimetry and dose-biologic effect
relationship. Thus in the last chapter, the authors described the current knowledge
of nuclear medicine therapy which is also called molecular radiation therapy. The
readers can have lessons and be equipped with the rounded knowledge acquired
from trials-and-errors in the fields of radiation therapy and nuclear medicine therapy. Based on this whether the final goal of better treatment customized for individual patients will be achieved or not adopting radionanomaterials should now be
determined. The conclusion taking shapes in everyone’s mind might all be different
regarding this matter, however, the task or contribution of this book is supplying the
bases to contemplate the possibility and the obstacles inherently borne in this
discipline and not admonishing or feeding the conclusion. The future of radionanomedicine depends on the many following investigators’ hands and brains.
I now add the final comment, here, the success of one field called *medicine, in
1 Introduction
9
encounter by innate immune cells. Beside this, the important Kupffer cells were
repositioned as resident macrophages and circulating monocytes are no more the
exclusive supplier of macrophages in tissues. The imaginary scenario on which
nanomedicines and radionanomedicines will meet bodily immune system was
included in the chapter ‘Innate Immunity’. I wish readers might learn the framework of how readers should estimate the nanomaterial-immune interaction and do
their own thought-experiments about the disposition of radionanomedicines in vivo.
Molecular imaging is struggling to find a way to the clinical use during the
15 years since its composition of independent society and scientific activity. This
field had achieved the goal that we now have every instrument for small animal
imaging. Currently clinically used molecular imaging are the ones already available
when the discipline of molecular imaging was formulated in 2002, i.e. neurotransmitter receptor or transporter imaging or abnormal protein imaging such as
amyloid or tau. Thus, molecular imaging, in narrow sense, imaging of the cellular
and molecular processes elucidated by molecular biology technologies. Engineered
fluorescent proteins contributed a lot to the advancement of molecular biology and
molecular imaging and in vivo translation was tried every time to study important
molecular processes. Bioluminescent proteins followed and now application and
adoption of nanomaterials for similar purposes became prevalent. The most popular
ones are those using quantum dots, surface enhanced Raman scattering dots,
upconversion nanoparticles and graphenes. In vitro, ex vivo or topical application
of these nanomaterials is popular and promising but for systemic application, we
need to make these nanomaterials as multimodal with radiolabeling or choosing
magnetic particles. This was detailed in the chapter of ‘Molecular Imaging’.
Last chapter is the highlight entitled ‘Theranostic Use’. In fact, our eternal goal
is to intervene in the bad pathophysiological processes of the diseases in humans.
Imaging or diagnostic tools are already saturated and the introduction of nanomaterials and their clinical and human use was applauded by the experts and the
public expecting better therapeutics even forcing us to take the risks of using these
materials to humans. Therapeutic use of radionanomedicines labeled with
DNA-breaking or cell-killing beta or alpha ray emitting radioisotope mandates the
understanding of individualized radiation dosimetry and dose-biologic effect
relationship. Thus in the last chapter, the authors described the current knowledge
of nuclear medicine therapy which is also called molecular radiation therapy. The
readers can have lessons and be equipped with the rounded knowledge acquired
from trials-and-errors in the fields of radiation therapy and nuclear medicine therapy. Based on this whether the final goal of better treatment customized for individual patients will be achieved or not adopting radionanomaterials should now be
determined. The conclusion taking shapes in everyone’s mind might all be different
regarding this matter, however, the task or contribution of this book is supplying the
bases to contemplate the possibility and the obstacles inherently borne in this
discipline and not admonishing or feeding the conclusion. The future of radionanomedicine depends on the many following investigators’ hands and brains.
I now add the final comment, here, the success of one field called *medicine, in
1 Introduction
9