terms of in vivo behavior of radionanomedicines. Readers are going to enjoy the
comprehensive summary of the existing methods using a variety of gamma, beta
and even alpha emitting radionuclides. Further concern to modify surface to let the
nanomedicines to reach the target using further modification or binding targeting
ligands led us to adopt earlier the click chemistry. Click chemistry is once overviewed here because it is the critical finishing stroke to modify the surface of
radionanomedicines. This click chemistry technology and its importance were
going to be further elaborated in the next section.
The next section was entitled ‘Targeted delivery with Click chemistry’. We have
clinically-proven technology called nuclear medicine, where we are able to use
trace amount of radionanomedicines and image and quantify the radionanomedicines in every organs and tissues using tracer kinetic on PET or SPECT
associated with CT or MRI. What remains is to make radionanomedicines properly
for clinical use. Targeting molecules are a lot, ranging from small molecules such as
mannose or galactose, via biomacromolecules such as monoclonal antibodies,
affibody, avibody, nanobody, aptamer, aptide, and natural or non-natural peptides.
These molecules are going to endow radionanomedicines the superb targeting
capacity if they are bound on the surface of nanomedicines upright and robustly.
And thus preservation of ligand functionality, that is to say, targeting capability
using click chemistry was detailed again. Readers can refer to this chapter to browse
the copper-dependent or copper-free methods of click reaction to bind ligands upon
nanomedicines to choose one the most suitable for their purpose. Bioorthogonal
reaction is recently coined term which explains the existence of desired chemical
reaction which is totally ignored by the body and physiology. If we use
bioorthogonal reaction between two parts of radionanomedicines, even the binding
reaction can be done in vivo after administration of parts separately. This orthogonality in theory sounds very attractive and the readers will find the reality and
progress of applying this technology in the following chapter. Finally for easy and
successful clinical application, we need platform technology and this nano-platform
technology, while guaranteeing their consistency in producing the final product
even up to GMP grades.
As was mentioned above, tracer principle of radionanomedicine allow us to trace
in vivo biodistribution of radionanomedicines after injection systemically via many
chosen routes using whole body imaging and quantification. Introduction of relevant and available instruments and their principles were detailed in preclinical PET/
CT, SPECT/CT and PET/MRI. One can easily survey their choices even though he
or she is not familiar with nuclear medicine technologies. Tracer kinetic analysis
will enable us to discover the mechanism of targeting and excretion and sort out the
better fabrication, modification and multiplexed binding of ligands and chelators
afterwards. This imaging and quantification on PET and SPECT supplies a great
opportunity to facilitate the discovery of the clinically most desired composition of
radionanomedicines.
Now in the next two sections entitled ‘Factors Affecting Biodistribution and their
Consequences’ and ‘Immune Responses to Nanomaterials’, the readers can estimate
the best guess of the behaviors of nanomedicines or radionanomedicines in vivo
1 Introduction
7
comprehensive summary of the existing methods using a variety of gamma, beta
and even alpha emitting radionuclides. Further concern to modify surface to let the
nanomedicines to reach the target using further modification or binding targeting
ligands led us to adopt earlier the click chemistry. Click chemistry is once overviewed here because it is the critical finishing stroke to modify the surface of
radionanomedicines. This click chemistry technology and its importance were
going to be further elaborated in the next section.
The next section was entitled ‘Targeted delivery with Click chemistry’. We have
clinically-proven technology called nuclear medicine, where we are able to use
trace amount of radionanomedicines and image and quantify the radionanomedicines in every organs and tissues using tracer kinetic on PET or SPECT
associated with CT or MRI. What remains is to make radionanomedicines properly
for clinical use. Targeting molecules are a lot, ranging from small molecules such as
mannose or galactose, via biomacromolecules such as monoclonal antibodies,
affibody, avibody, nanobody, aptamer, aptide, and natural or non-natural peptides.
These molecules are going to endow radionanomedicines the superb targeting
capacity if they are bound on the surface of nanomedicines upright and robustly.
And thus preservation of ligand functionality, that is to say, targeting capability
using click chemistry was detailed again. Readers can refer to this chapter to browse
the copper-dependent or copper-free methods of click reaction to bind ligands upon
nanomedicines to choose one the most suitable for their purpose. Bioorthogonal
reaction is recently coined term which explains the existence of desired chemical
reaction which is totally ignored by the body and physiology. If we use
bioorthogonal reaction between two parts of radionanomedicines, even the binding
reaction can be done in vivo after administration of parts separately. This orthogonality in theory sounds very attractive and the readers will find the reality and
progress of applying this technology in the following chapter. Finally for easy and
successful clinical application, we need platform technology and this nano-platform
technology, while guaranteeing their consistency in producing the final product
even up to GMP grades.
As was mentioned above, tracer principle of radionanomedicine allow us to trace
in vivo biodistribution of radionanomedicines after injection systemically via many
chosen routes using whole body imaging and quantification. Introduction of relevant and available instruments and their principles were detailed in preclinical PET/
CT, SPECT/CT and PET/MRI. One can easily survey their choices even though he
or she is not familiar with nuclear medicine technologies. Tracer kinetic analysis
will enable us to discover the mechanism of targeting and excretion and sort out the
better fabrication, modification and multiplexed binding of ligands and chelators
afterwards. This imaging and quantification on PET and SPECT supplies a great
opportunity to facilitate the discovery of the clinically most desired composition of
radionanomedicines.
Now in the next two sections entitled ‘Factors Affecting Biodistribution and their
Consequences’ and ‘Immune Responses to Nanomaterials’, the readers can estimate
the best guess of the behaviors of nanomedicines or radionanomedicines in vivo
1 Introduction
7