This chapter introduces the current states of art of evaluating the therapeutic
potentials of exosomes in various fields including regenerative medicine and tumor
management and discusses the role of radionanomedicine in validation of therapeutic potentials of exosomes.
9.2 Regenerative Medicine
The aim of regenerative medicine is to restore the function of damaged or lost
tissues. The major strategies of regenerative medicine are related with cell-based
therapies, classical tissue engineering, and biodegradable materials-based approaches [14]. Traditionally, cell-based therapies directly administer cells to damaged
tissues to directly repair or support tissue repair via paracrine effect. However, there
is difficulty to control the directly administered cells, which is related to safety issue
of stem cell transplantation. Recently, exosomes have been evaluated as one of the
cell-free approaches focusing on the paracrine hypothesis via exosomes in regenerative medicine. Exosomes in regenerative medicine may have roles in angiogenesis, suppressing apoptosis, stimulating cell proliferation, immune regulation,
and extracellular matrix remodeling, which would be useful in tissue engineering.
9.2.1 Nervous System
Nerve regeneration has been a major challenge in regenerative medicine because
nervous system usually lacks the capability of self-regeneration. With the rapid
development of cell-based therapies, recent researches have focused on what makes
neurological disorders improve via paracrine effect from cell-based therapies.
Exosomes from multiple cell types including multipotent mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) have shown to help repair nervous injury.
Transfer of miRNA-133b via exosomes with green fluorescent protein-tagged
CD63 from MSCs to astrocytes and neurons induce increased axonal plasticity and
neurite remodeling in ischemic boundary zone, which subsequently lead to functional recovery in stroke models of rodents [15]. Exosomes with GFP-Tagged
CD63 derived from Schwann cells also markedly increase axonal regeneration
in vitro and in vivo [16]. Gamma-interferon (IFNc) -stimulated DCs exosomes with
CD63 conjugated to quantum dots (QD, 24 nm in size, fluoresce at 620 nm) helped
remyelination of acutely damaged nerves, and nasal delivery of IFNc-stimulated
DCs exosomes coupled to QD increased central nervous system (CNS) myelination
in vivo [17]. In addition, nasal administration of the IFNc-stimulated DCs exosomes enriched with miR-219 to aging rats also showed enhancement of myelination. In the field of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), fluorescence dye (PKH26)-labeled
exosomes with abundant of glycosphingolipids, derived from wild-type
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potentials of exosomes in various fields including regenerative medicine and tumor
management and discusses the role of radionanomedicine in validation of therapeutic potentials of exosomes.
9.2 Regenerative Medicine
The aim of regenerative medicine is to restore the function of damaged or lost
tissues. The major strategies of regenerative medicine are related with cell-based
therapies, classical tissue engineering, and biodegradable materials-based approaches [14]. Traditionally, cell-based therapies directly administer cells to damaged
tissues to directly repair or support tissue repair via paracrine effect. However, there
is difficulty to control the directly administered cells, which is related to safety issue
of stem cell transplantation. Recently, exosomes have been evaluated as one of the
cell-free approaches focusing on the paracrine hypothesis via exosomes in regenerative medicine. Exosomes in regenerative medicine may have roles in angiogenesis, suppressing apoptosis, stimulating cell proliferation, immune regulation,
and extracellular matrix remodeling, which would be useful in tissue engineering.
9.2.1 Nervous System
Nerve regeneration has been a major challenge in regenerative medicine because
nervous system usually lacks the capability of self-regeneration. With the rapid
development of cell-based therapies, recent researches have focused on what makes
neurological disorders improve via paracrine effect from cell-based therapies.
Exosomes from multiple cell types including multipotent mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) have shown to help repair nervous injury.
Transfer of miRNA-133b via exosomes with green fluorescent protein-tagged
CD63 from MSCs to astrocytes and neurons induce increased axonal plasticity and
neurite remodeling in ischemic boundary zone, which subsequently lead to functional recovery in stroke models of rodents [15]. Exosomes with GFP-Tagged
CD63 derived from Schwann cells also markedly increase axonal regeneration
in vitro and in vivo [16]. Gamma-interferon (IFNc) -stimulated DCs exosomes with
CD63 conjugated to quantum dots (QD, 24 nm in size, fluoresce at 620 nm) helped
remyelination of acutely damaged nerves, and nasal delivery of IFNc-stimulated
DCs exosomes coupled to QD increased central nervous system (CNS) myelination
in vivo [17]. In addition, nasal administration of the IFNc-stimulated DCs exosomes enriched with miR-219 to aging rats also showed enhancement of myelination. In the field of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), fluorescence dye (PKH26)-labeled
exosomes with abundant of glycosphingolipids, derived from wild-type
170
S. Ha and D. S. Lee