residual saturation (i.e., increasing the recovery yield of the free product) may
contribute to reducing (1) contaminants dissolved in water, (2) the duration of the
remediation operation, (3) the extent of plumes and related contaminant concentration levels, and consequently, (4) remediation costs. Chapter 2 reports on conventional technologies (pump-and-treat, skimming, bioslurping, and recovery trenches)
for free product recovery from the practical and theoretical viewpoints. Chapter 2
also describes the advantages and limitations of these techniques and discusses
innovative approaches such as thermal and chemical enhancements (i.e., surfactants)
aiming to increase free product recovery yields and rates. Thermal enhancements are
being used for the remediation of contaminated sites for more than twenty years.
Depending on the heating temperature, in situ thermal treatment may be used in
combination with physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes. Chapter 3
describes how increasing the temperature contributes to (1) increasing the organic
contaminant vapor pressure, the aqueous solubility, the Henry’s law constant, and
the rate of (bio)chemical degradation and (2) decreasing the organic carbon
partitioning, liquid density, liquid viscosity, and interfacial tension. Chapter 3 also
examines the conventional technologies for in situ thermal enhancement from the
theoretical and practical viewpoints including steam-enhanced extraction, thermal
conductive heating, and electrical resistance heating. The advantages and limitations
of these technologies, as well as innovative techniques such as radio frequency
heating, are also discussed.
Different treatment techniques applied to treat source zones contaminated with
NAPLs are usually implemented. The most commonly implemented techniques are
oxidation, sparging, surfactant flushing, and low-temperature thermal treatment.
Chapter 4 discusses the efficiency of such techniques in the same experimental
solid matrix and under the same experimental conditions at three different scales:
batch, columns, and metric pilot tank experiments. Thermal treatment was reported
as the most efficient remediation technique. However, a need to perform experiments
at three experimental scales has been evidenced: batch studies allowing appropriate
variations in experimental conditions, the column experiments permitting the optimization of surfactant and oxidant injection strategies, and tank experiments
allowing us to investigate heterogeneous flow conditions.
The use of organic amendments (e.g., digestates) as nutrient source for the
bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils is discussed in
Chap. 5. This chapter provides in particular a review on the use of amendment for
soil composting treatments and reports on the best monitoring approaches including
chemical and biological assays as well as the use of molecular markers.
The use of zero-valent iron for the degradation of chlorinated organic compounds
(COCs) in soil and groundwater is described in Chap. 6. Even if chemical oxidation
was first developed for in situ application, chemical reduction is currently one of the
most important emerging remediation techniques for COC treatment. Chapter 6
describes the latest developments of in situ chemical reduction technologies aiming
to enhance remediation rates. The influence of environmental conditions for in situ
applications is reported and a case study is presented. Chapter 7 describes how
manganese (Mn) oxides can be used for soil remediation. Based on the mineralogy
vi
Preface
contribute to reducing (1) contaminants dissolved in water, (2) the duration of the
remediation operation, (3) the extent of plumes and related contaminant concentration levels, and consequently, (4) remediation costs. Chapter 2 reports on conventional technologies (pump-and-treat, skimming, bioslurping, and recovery trenches)
for free product recovery from the practical and theoretical viewpoints. Chapter 2
also describes the advantages and limitations of these techniques and discusses
innovative approaches such as thermal and chemical enhancements (i.e., surfactants)
aiming to increase free product recovery yields and rates. Thermal enhancements are
being used for the remediation of contaminated sites for more than twenty years.
Depending on the heating temperature, in situ thermal treatment may be used in
combination with physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes. Chapter 3
describes how increasing the temperature contributes to (1) increasing the organic
contaminant vapor pressure, the aqueous solubility, the Henry’s law constant, and
the rate of (bio)chemical degradation and (2) decreasing the organic carbon
partitioning, liquid density, liquid viscosity, and interfacial tension. Chapter 3 also
examines the conventional technologies for in situ thermal enhancement from the
theoretical and practical viewpoints including steam-enhanced extraction, thermal
conductive heating, and electrical resistance heating. The advantages and limitations
of these technologies, as well as innovative techniques such as radio frequency
heating, are also discussed.
Different treatment techniques applied to treat source zones contaminated with
NAPLs are usually implemented. The most commonly implemented techniques are
oxidation, sparging, surfactant flushing, and low-temperature thermal treatment.
Chapter 4 discusses the efficiency of such techniques in the same experimental
solid matrix and under the same experimental conditions at three different scales:
batch, columns, and metric pilot tank experiments. Thermal treatment was reported
as the most efficient remediation technique. However, a need to perform experiments
at three experimental scales has been evidenced: batch studies allowing appropriate
variations in experimental conditions, the column experiments permitting the optimization of surfactant and oxidant injection strategies, and tank experiments
allowing us to investigate heterogeneous flow conditions.
The use of organic amendments (e.g., digestates) as nutrient source for the
bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils is discussed in
Chap. 5. This chapter provides in particular a review on the use of amendment for
soil composting treatments and reports on the best monitoring approaches including
chemical and biological assays as well as the use of molecular markers.
The use of zero-valent iron for the degradation of chlorinated organic compounds
(COCs) in soil and groundwater is described in Chap. 6. Even if chemical oxidation
was first developed for in situ application, chemical reduction is currently one of the
most important emerging remediation techniques for COC treatment. Chapter 6
describes the latest developments of in situ chemical reduction technologies aiming
to enhance remediation rates. The influence of environmental conditions for in situ
applications is reported and a case study is presented. Chapter 7 describes how
manganese (Mn) oxides can be used for soil remediation. Based on the mineralogy
vi
Preface