Xie Y, Cwiertny DM (2010) Use of dithionite to extend the reactive lifetime of nanoscale zerovalent iron treatment systems. Environ Sci Technol 44:8649–8655. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es102451t
Xie Y, Cwiertny DM (2013) Chlorinated solvent transformation by palladized zerovalent iron:
mechanistic insights from reductant loading studies and solvent kinetic isotope effects. Environ
Sci Technol 47:7940–7948. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401481a
Xie Y, Dong H, Zeng G et al (2017) The interactions between nanoscale zero-valent iron and
microbes in the subsurface environment: a review. J Hazard Mater 321:390–407. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2016.09.028
Xiong Z, Lai B, Yang P (2018) Enhancing the efficiency of zero valent iron by electrolysis:
performance and reaction mechanism. Chemosphere 194:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2017.11.167
Xu J, Bhattacharyya D (2006) Fe/Pd nanoparticle immobilization in microfiltration membrane
pores: synthesis, characterization, and application in the dechlorination of polychlorinated
biphenyls. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:2348–2359. https://doi.org/10.1021/IE0611498
Xu Y, Zhang W (2000) Subcolloidal Fe/Ag particles for reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated
benzenes. Ind Eng Chem Res 39:2238–2244. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9903588
Xu J, Sheng T, Hu Y et al (2013) Adsorption–dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol using two
specified MWCNTs-stabilized Pd/Fe nanocomposites. Chem Eng J 219:162–173. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.010
Xu Y, Wang C, Hou J et al (2017) Application of zero valent iron coupling with biological process
for wastewater treatment: a review. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technology 16:667–693. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11157-017-9445-y
Xue D, Sethi R (2012) Viscoelastic gels of guar and xanthan gum mixtures provide long-term
stabilization of iron micro- and nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 14:1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11051-012-1239-0
Yan W, Herzing AA, Kiely CJ, Zhang W (2010a) Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): aspects of the
core-shell structure and reactions with inorganic species in water. J Contam Hydrol 118:96–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.003
Yan W, Herzing AA, Li X et al (2010b) Structural evolution of Pd-doped nanoscale zero-valent iron
(nZVI) in aqueous media and implications for particle aging and reactivity. Environ Sci Technol
44:4288–4294. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100051q
Yan W, Lien H-L, Koel BE, Zhang W (2013) Iron nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: recent
developments and future outlook. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:63–77. https://doi.org/10.
1039/C2EM30691C
Yang Y, Chen T, Sumona M et al (2017) Utilization of iron sulfides for wastewater treatment: a
critical review. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technology 16:289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157017-9432-3
You G, Wang P, Hou J et al (2017) The use of zero-valent iron (ZVI)–microbe technology for
wastewater treatment with special attention to the factors influencing performance: a critical
review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 47:877–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.
1334457
Yuan S, Wen H, Wu X et al (2010a) Effect of nonionic and cationic surfactants on the dechlorination kinetics and products distribution of various polychlorinated benzenes by Cu/Fe particles. Sep Purif Technol 74:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.05.015
Yuan S, Zheng Z, Meng X-Z et al (2010b) Surfactant mediated HCB dechlorination in contaminated soils and sediments by micro and nanoscale Cu/Fe particles. Geoderma 159:165–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.008
Zabetakis KM, Niño de Guzmán GT, Torrents A, Yarwood S (2015) Toxicity of zero-valent iron
nanoparticles to a trichloroethylene-degrading groundwater microbial community. J Environ Sci
Heal Part A 50:794–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.1019796
6 In Situ Chemical Reduction of Chlorinated Organic Compounds
397
es102451t
Xie Y, Cwiertny DM (2013) Chlorinated solvent transformation by palladized zerovalent iron:
mechanistic insights from reductant loading studies and solvent kinetic isotope effects. Environ
Sci Technol 47:7940–7948. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401481a
Xie Y, Dong H, Zeng G et al (2017) The interactions between nanoscale zero-valent iron and
microbes in the subsurface environment: a review. J Hazard Mater 321:390–407. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2016.09.028
Xiong Z, Lai B, Yang P (2018) Enhancing the efficiency of zero valent iron by electrolysis:
performance and reaction mechanism. Chemosphere 194:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2017.11.167
Xu J, Bhattacharyya D (2006) Fe/Pd nanoparticle immobilization in microfiltration membrane
pores: synthesis, characterization, and application in the dechlorination of polychlorinated
biphenyls. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:2348–2359. https://doi.org/10.1021/IE0611498
Xu Y, Zhang W (2000) Subcolloidal Fe/Ag particles for reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated
benzenes. Ind Eng Chem Res 39:2238–2244. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9903588
Xu J, Sheng T, Hu Y et al (2013) Adsorption–dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol using two
specified MWCNTs-stabilized Pd/Fe nanocomposites. Chem Eng J 219:162–173. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.010
Xu Y, Wang C, Hou J et al (2017) Application of zero valent iron coupling with biological process
for wastewater treatment: a review. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technology 16:667–693. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11157-017-9445-y
Xue D, Sethi R (2012) Viscoelastic gels of guar and xanthan gum mixtures provide long-term
stabilization of iron micro- and nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 14:1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11051-012-1239-0
Yan W, Herzing AA, Kiely CJ, Zhang W (2010a) Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): aspects of the
core-shell structure and reactions with inorganic species in water. J Contam Hydrol 118:96–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.003
Yan W, Herzing AA, Li X et al (2010b) Structural evolution of Pd-doped nanoscale zero-valent iron
(nZVI) in aqueous media and implications for particle aging and reactivity. Environ Sci Technol
44:4288–4294. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100051q
Yan W, Lien H-L, Koel BE, Zhang W (2013) Iron nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: recent
developments and future outlook. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:63–77. https://doi.org/10.
1039/C2EM30691C
Yang Y, Chen T, Sumona M et al (2017) Utilization of iron sulfides for wastewater treatment: a
critical review. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technology 16:289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157017-9432-3
You G, Wang P, Hou J et al (2017) The use of zero-valent iron (ZVI)–microbe technology for
wastewater treatment with special attention to the factors influencing performance: a critical
review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 47:877–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.
1334457
Yuan S, Wen H, Wu X et al (2010a) Effect of nonionic and cationic surfactants on the dechlorination kinetics and products distribution of various polychlorinated benzenes by Cu/Fe particles. Sep Purif Technol 74:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.05.015
Yuan S, Zheng Z, Meng X-Z et al (2010b) Surfactant mediated HCB dechlorination in contaminated soils and sediments by micro and nanoscale Cu/Fe particles. Geoderma 159:165–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.008
Zabetakis KM, Niño de Guzmán GT, Torrents A, Yarwood S (2015) Toxicity of zero-valent iron
nanoparticles to a trichloroethylene-degrading groundwater microbial community. J Environ Sci
Heal Part A 50:794–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.1019796
6 In Situ Chemical Reduction of Chlorinated Organic Compounds
397