IS
Isomerase
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
MAD
Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion
MMOs
Methane Monooxygenases
MPN
Most Probable Number
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NDO
Naphthalenedioxygenase
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
pAHs
Particulate Alkane Hydroxylases
PAHs
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RHD
Ring Hydroxylating Dioxygenase
SOM
Soil Organic Matter
TPH
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 TPH Contaminated Soils
Petroleum industry generates substances, which may affect soil and water ecosystems, including toxicity toward microorganisms, plants and aqueous biota as well as
human beings.
According to a report of European Commission (European Commission, Progress
in the Management of Contaminated Sites in Europe 2014) up to 45% of total soil
pollution in Europe is caused by petroleum hydrocarbons originating from industrial
and commercial activities, storage, military activities, transport, and land spills.
Petroleum products are a diverse group of soil pollutants, which include light
distillates, e.g., gasoline and naphtha, middle distillates, e.g., kerosene, jet fuel,
diesel and heavy distillates, e.g., heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils. All of these products
have a complex chemical composition which may differ depending on the production process. Table 5.1 illustrates the main components of diesel oil.
Crude oil is one of the most economically important organic substances, ensuring
proper operation of various industrial sectors, especially transport and energy. Total
petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a term used to describe a variety of hydrocarbons
found in crude oil. There are three main fractions of petroleum compounds: paraffin,
naphthenes, and the aromatic fraction. These fractions are characterized by specific
physicochemical properties, and thus can be selectively recovered by distillation
(Speight 2002). Paraffin is usually the largest volume fraction composed of aliphatic
hydrocarbons; naphthenes consisting of alicyclic hydrocarbons; the aromatic fraction including hydrocarbons with one or more aromatic rings like monoaromatic
hydrocarbons and PAHs (Fuentes et al. 2014). Particular petroleum fractions are
5 Potential Use of Waste-to-Bioenergy By-Products in Bioremediation of Total. . .
241
Isomerase
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
MAD
Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion
MMOs
Methane Monooxygenases
MPN
Most Probable Number
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NDO
Naphthalenedioxygenase
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
pAHs
Particulate Alkane Hydroxylases
PAHs
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RHD
Ring Hydroxylating Dioxygenase
SOM
Soil Organic Matter
TPH
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 TPH Contaminated Soils
Petroleum industry generates substances, which may affect soil and water ecosystems, including toxicity toward microorganisms, plants and aqueous biota as well as
human beings.
According to a report of European Commission (European Commission, Progress
in the Management of Contaminated Sites in Europe 2014) up to 45% of total soil
pollution in Europe is caused by petroleum hydrocarbons originating from industrial
and commercial activities, storage, military activities, transport, and land spills.
Petroleum products are a diverse group of soil pollutants, which include light
distillates, e.g., gasoline and naphtha, middle distillates, e.g., kerosene, jet fuel,
diesel and heavy distillates, e.g., heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils. All of these products
have a complex chemical composition which may differ depending on the production process. Table 5.1 illustrates the main components of diesel oil.
Crude oil is one of the most economically important organic substances, ensuring
proper operation of various industrial sectors, especially transport and energy. Total
petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a term used to describe a variety of hydrocarbons
found in crude oil. There are three main fractions of petroleum compounds: paraffin,
naphthenes, and the aromatic fraction. These fractions are characterized by specific
physicochemical properties, and thus can be selectively recovered by distillation
(Speight 2002). Paraffin is usually the largest volume fraction composed of aliphatic
hydrocarbons; naphthenes consisting of alicyclic hydrocarbons; the aromatic fraction including hydrocarbons with one or more aromatic rings like monoaromatic
hydrocarbons and PAHs (Fuentes et al. 2014). Particular petroleum fractions are
5 Potential Use of Waste-to-Bioenergy By-Products in Bioremediation of Total. . .
241