h
Height (m)
k
Permeability (m
2 or D) or kinetic rate constant
t
Time (s)
v
Velocity (m s
À1 ) or kinetic rate (mol l
À1 s
À1 )
x y Distance (m)
z
Altitude (m)
β
Stability constant of a complex
γ
Interfacial tension (N m
À1 or mJ m
À2 )
ε
Porosity
η
Dynamic viscosity (kg m
À1 s
À1 )
μ i
Chemical potential of a component i
π
Osmotic pressure (Pa)
ρ
Density (kg m
À3 )
θ
Contact angle (deg. or rad.)
List of Symbols: Subscript
P
Permeate compartment
R
Radius of curvature (m) or feed compartment or retentate
T
Total
0
Initial value
ads Adsorbed phase
d
Dissolved
m
Micellar phase of surfactant
o
Nonaqueous phase liquid nonmiscible with water
s
Solid phase
w
Water phase
1.1 Context
1.1.1 Treatments of Polluted Soils
Considering the protection of people and living organisms against the impacts of
pollutions by toxic substances, the management plans of these situations aim at
eliminating first the source zones which generate these pollutions and then to prevent
further contaminants transfer toward biological targets (Page 1997; Testa and
Winegardner 2000).
The management methods and treatment strategies of source zones depend on the
local context, i.e., the time constraint, the accessibility to the source zone, the watersaturation level of the ground, the type and concentration of contaminants, the
planned use after treatment and the concentration-levels or leaching potential to be
4
N. Fatin-Rouge
Height (m)
k
Permeability (m
2 or D) or kinetic rate constant
t
Time (s)
v
Velocity (m s
À1 ) or kinetic rate (mol l
À1 s
À1 )
x y Distance (m)
z
Altitude (m)
β
Stability constant of a complex
γ
Interfacial tension (N m
À1 or mJ m
À2 )
ε
Porosity
η
Dynamic viscosity (kg m
À1 s
À1 )
μ i
Chemical potential of a component i
π
Osmotic pressure (Pa)
ρ
Density (kg m
À3 )
θ
Contact angle (deg. or rad.)
List of Symbols: Subscript
P
Permeate compartment
R
Radius of curvature (m) or feed compartment or retentate
T
Total
0
Initial value
ads Adsorbed phase
d
Dissolved
m
Micellar phase of surfactant
o
Nonaqueous phase liquid nonmiscible with water
s
Solid phase
w
Water phase
1.1 Context
1.1.1 Treatments of Polluted Soils
Considering the protection of people and living organisms against the impacts of
pollutions by toxic substances, the management plans of these situations aim at
eliminating first the source zones which generate these pollutions and then to prevent
further contaminants transfer toward biological targets (Page 1997; Testa and
Winegardner 2000).
The management methods and treatment strategies of source zones depend on the
local context, i.e., the time constraint, the accessibility to the source zone, the watersaturation level of the ground, the type and concentration of contaminants, the
planned use after treatment and the concentration-levels or leaching potential to be
4
N. Fatin-Rouge