increasing for all groups. This is especially the case for traditional salt producers who
use extensive amounts of fuelwood for salt production. Such escalating costs might
influence many households to revert back to mangrove logging as a means of
reducing energy procurement expenditures.
Thus, it is important to both raise awareness about the negative environmental
and health impacts of prevailing fuelwood procurement and use practices as well as
to provide appropriate technologies that reduce fuelwood consumption. For example, the dissemination of modern cooking fuels and stoves and requirement for
improved salt production could have multiple socioeconomic and environmental
benefits. Furthermore, the expansion and maintenance of improved irrigation systems could reduce mangrove conversion to rice paddies. However, such actions
would require the coordinated action of many different stakeholders such as the local
and national government, NGOs and farmers’ organizations.
Acknowledgements Alice Karanja was supported by a Monbukagakusho scholarship offered by
the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) through the
Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), at the
University of Tokyo. Marcin Jarzebski developed Fig. 7.2.
References
AFDB (2010) Rural Electrification Project (PER) in the Republic of Guinea. African Development
Fund. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Guinea__AR_-_Rural_Electrification_Project_pdf
Akintan O, Jewitt S, Clifford M (2018) Culture, tradition, and taboo: understanding the social
shaping of fuel choices and cooking practices in Nigeria. Energy Res Soc Sci 40:14–22
Arnold JEM, Köhlin G, Persson R (2006) Woodfuels, livelihoods, and policy interventions:
changing Perspectives. World Dev 34:596–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.
008
Atanassov B (2010) Socio-cultural dimensions in household cooking energy choice: implications
for energy transition in Catembe, Mozambique
Bailis R, Pennise D, Ezzati M, Kammen DM, Kituyi E (2004) Impacts of greenhouse gas and
particulate emissions from woodfuel production and end-use in sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable
and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
Bailis R, Smith KR, Edwards R (2007) Kitchen performance test (KPT). Household Energy and
Health Programme, Shell Foundation, London, UK
Bailis R, Drigo R, Ghilardi A, Masera O (2015) The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels. Nat
Clim Chang 5(3):266–272
Balde BS, Kobayashi H, Matsumura I, Nohmi M, Esham M, Tolno E (2013a) Present status and
determinants of mangrove rice production in Dubreka prefecture in Guinea. Jpn J Farm
Magement 51(3):97–102
Balde BS, Kobayashi H, Nohmi M, Ishida A, Matsumura I, Esham M, Tolno E (2013b) SocioEconomic Analysis of small-scale salt production techniques in the coastal area of Guinea: an
alternative for improving livelihood status and mangrove forest management. Int J Res Eng IT
Social Sci 3(9):1–23. http://www.indusedu.org/IJREISS/September2013(pdf)/1.pdf
Balde BS, Kobayashi H, Matsumura I, Esham M, Alam A, Tolno E (2014a) Land use changes and
their determinants in the coastal area of Guinea: a study based on spatial and field survey. J Jpn
Agric Syst Society 30(3):65–75
7 Linking Rural Livelihoods and Fuelwood Demand from Mangroves and Upland. . .
239
use extensive amounts of fuelwood for salt production. Such escalating costs might
influence many households to revert back to mangrove logging as a means of
reducing energy procurement expenditures.
Thus, it is important to both raise awareness about the negative environmental
and health impacts of prevailing fuelwood procurement and use practices as well as
to provide appropriate technologies that reduce fuelwood consumption. For example, the dissemination of modern cooking fuels and stoves and requirement for
improved salt production could have multiple socioeconomic and environmental
benefits. Furthermore, the expansion and maintenance of improved irrigation systems could reduce mangrove conversion to rice paddies. However, such actions
would require the coordinated action of many different stakeholders such as the local
and national government, NGOs and farmers’ organizations.
Acknowledgements Alice Karanja was supported by a Monbukagakusho scholarship offered by
the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) through the
Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), at the
University of Tokyo. Marcin Jarzebski developed Fig. 7.2.
References
AFDB (2010) Rural Electrification Project (PER) in the Republic of Guinea. African Development
Fund. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Guinea__AR_-_Rural_Electrification_Project_pdf
Akintan O, Jewitt S, Clifford M (2018) Culture, tradition, and taboo: understanding the social
shaping of fuel choices and cooking practices in Nigeria. Energy Res Soc Sci 40:14–22
Arnold JEM, Köhlin G, Persson R (2006) Woodfuels, livelihoods, and policy interventions:
changing Perspectives. World Dev 34:596–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.
008
Atanassov B (2010) Socio-cultural dimensions in household cooking energy choice: implications
for energy transition in Catembe, Mozambique
Bailis R, Pennise D, Ezzati M, Kammen DM, Kituyi E (2004) Impacts of greenhouse gas and
particulate emissions from woodfuel production and end-use in sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable
and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
Bailis R, Smith KR, Edwards R (2007) Kitchen performance test (KPT). Household Energy and
Health Programme, Shell Foundation, London, UK
Bailis R, Drigo R, Ghilardi A, Masera O (2015) The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels. Nat
Clim Chang 5(3):266–272
Balde BS, Kobayashi H, Matsumura I, Nohmi M, Esham M, Tolno E (2013a) Present status and
determinants of mangrove rice production in Dubreka prefecture in Guinea. Jpn J Farm
Magement 51(3):97–102
Balde BS, Kobayashi H, Nohmi M, Ishida A, Matsumura I, Esham M, Tolno E (2013b) SocioEconomic Analysis of small-scale salt production techniques in the coastal area of Guinea: an
alternative for improving livelihood status and mangrove forest management. Int J Res Eng IT
Social Sci 3(9):1–23. http://www.indusedu.org/IJREISS/September2013(pdf)/1.pdf
Balde BS, Kobayashi H, Matsumura I, Esham M, Alam A, Tolno E (2014a) Land use changes and
their determinants in the coastal area of Guinea: a study based on spatial and field survey. J Jpn
Agric Syst Society 30(3):65–75
7 Linking Rural Livelihoods and Fuelwood Demand from Mangroves and Upland. . .
239