58
H. Asrah et al.
compact microstructure. In addition, the ultrafine POFA also acts as microfiller,
which able to cause further pore refinement and air volume reduction.
Based on BS 3921:1985, both UF-10 (5.84%) and UF-20 (6.68%) compressed
bricks can be considered to fall under the Damp proof Course 2 Class (≤7.0%).
Meanwhile, other brick samples (Control, UF-30, UF-40, UG-10, UG-20, UG-30,
and UG-40) with water absorption ranging between 11.99 and 20.52% can be categorized under the ‘All other class’ with no restriction to any water absorption limits
(≤no limits). On the other hand, MS 76:1972 has specified that for load-bearing brick
Class 1–Class 15, there are no specific requirements on the water absorption of the
brick. Hence, by considering the compressive strength and water absorption, based
on MS 76:1972, the compressed bricks produced in this research can be classified
under the load-bearing brick Class 1–Class 5.
4 Conclusion
Based on the result obtained, the use of waste material such as POFA is recommended, especially when the material is ground to the finer size. The properties
such as compressive strength, density, and water absorption improved by using the
ultrafine POFA compared to unground POFA material. All the samples produced
in this research complied within the acceptable limit for stabilized clay masonry
unit. The production of interlocking compressed soil brick has been started for use
in building construction within the UMS campus. The research on POFA, however,
still in progress, but some positive findings on their engineering properties have
been determined, indicating the potential use of POFA in producing interlocking
compressed POFA brick to be used in future construction.
References
Altwair, N. M., Johari, M. A. M., & Hashim, S. F. S. (2013). Influence of treated palm oil fuel
ash on compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites.
Materials and Structures, 47(4), 667–682.
Aldahdooh, M. A. A., Muhamad Bunnori, N., & Megat Johari, M. A. (2014) Influence of palm oil
fuel ash on ultimate flexural and uniaxial tensile strength of green ultra-high performance fiber
reinforced cementitious composites. Materials and Design, 54, 694–701.
Asrah, H., Mirasa, A. K., & Mannan, A. (2015). The performance of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash in
suppressing the alkali silica reaction in mortar bar. International Journal of Engineering Applied
Science, 9, 60–66.
B. Standard. (2004). BS 3921: 1985 Specification for Clay bricks.
Jaturapitakkul, C., Tangpagasit, J., Songmue, S., & Kiattikomol, K. (2011). Filler effect and pozzolanic reaction of ground palm oil fuel ash, 25, 4287–4293.
Karim, M. R., Zain, M. F. M., Jamil, M., & Islam, M. N. (2011). Strength of concrete as influenced
by palm oil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(5), 990–997.
H. Asrah et al.
compact microstructure. In addition, the ultrafine POFA also acts as microfiller,
which able to cause further pore refinement and air volume reduction.
Based on BS 3921:1985, both UF-10 (5.84%) and UF-20 (6.68%) compressed
bricks can be considered to fall under the Damp proof Course 2 Class (≤7.0%).
Meanwhile, other brick samples (Control, UF-30, UF-40, UG-10, UG-20, UG-30,
and UG-40) with water absorption ranging between 11.99 and 20.52% can be categorized under the ‘All other class’ with no restriction to any water absorption limits
(≤no limits). On the other hand, MS 76:1972 has specified that for load-bearing brick
Class 1–Class 15, there are no specific requirements on the water absorption of the
brick. Hence, by considering the compressive strength and water absorption, based
on MS 76:1972, the compressed bricks produced in this research can be classified
under the load-bearing brick Class 1–Class 5.
4 Conclusion
Based on the result obtained, the use of waste material such as POFA is recommended, especially when the material is ground to the finer size. The properties
such as compressive strength, density, and water absorption improved by using the
ultrafine POFA compared to unground POFA material. All the samples produced
in this research complied within the acceptable limit for stabilized clay masonry
unit. The production of interlocking compressed soil brick has been started for use
in building construction within the UMS campus. The research on POFA, however,
still in progress, but some positive findings on their engineering properties have
been determined, indicating the potential use of POFA in producing interlocking
compressed POFA brick to be used in future construction.
References
Altwair, N. M., Johari, M. A. M., & Hashim, S. F. S. (2013). Influence of treated palm oil fuel
ash on compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites.
Materials and Structures, 47(4), 667–682.
Aldahdooh, M. A. A., Muhamad Bunnori, N., & Megat Johari, M. A. (2014) Influence of palm oil
fuel ash on ultimate flexural and uniaxial tensile strength of green ultra-high performance fiber
reinforced cementitious composites. Materials and Design, 54, 694–701.
Asrah, H., Mirasa, A. K., & Mannan, A. (2015). The performance of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash in
suppressing the alkali silica reaction in mortar bar. International Journal of Engineering Applied
Science, 9, 60–66.
B. Standard. (2004). BS 3921: 1985 Specification for Clay bricks.
Jaturapitakkul, C., Tangpagasit, J., Songmue, S., & Kiattikomol, K. (2011). Filler effect and pozzolanic reaction of ground palm oil fuel ash, 25, 4287–4293.
Karim, M. R., Zain, M. F. M., Jamil, M., & Islam, M. N. (2011). Strength of concrete as influenced
by palm oil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(5), 990–997.