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A. Z. Yaser and N. N. Safie
using mix species of microalgae has been reported to have the highest contaminants
removal which is up to 100%. This method should be considered to be used as a
method to treat campus sewage as it is cheap, simple application, less maintenance,
and highly effective. At once, this will reduce the cost for campus sewage management. However, microalgae are reported to be vulnerable towards the hazardous
contaminants, light dependent, and affected by the design of the photobioreactor.
Treated sewage from campus has the potential to be reused in irrigation, developing
university landscape, water source for toilet flush and aquaculture. Based on the LCA,
the benefits of using recycled water from campus sewage can override the effect of
recycled water in other categories like terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, global warming potential, particulate matter formation, fossil depletion potential, etc. However,
if it is not properly managed, treated water can deteriorate the soil properties and
lead to significant change in total nitrogen, pH, and heavy metals content in the soil.
It may contain undesirable chemical constituents and pathogens that pose environmental and health risk. As reported, when used for a long term, laboratory reports
revealed that there is a deterioration in microbial quality of the effluent being supplied to the campus. Also, irrigation of crops using treated water has been reported
to have adverse effects on leaf surface area and chlorophyll content. The detection of
chloride hazard and RSC in the soil has made it unsuitable for irrigation of vegetable
crops that will be delivered to the consumers. Nevertheless, the risk of using recycled
water from sewage or municipal wastewater to environmental and health aspects can
be reduced by using tertiary treatment and the cost will be compensated by the cost
reduction in using recycled water from sewage for vegetable irrigation especially in
rural areas. Besides, it is compulsory to outline a standardize legislation for sewage
reuse in university campus that needs to be followed to ensure campus community
safety. Moreover, every university should build a proper sewage management to treat
sewage efficiently so that it can fully be reused in the campus. There is also lack of
awareness on the reusing of treated campus sewage albeit the fact that sewage generated from campus is increasing daily. Lastly, a proper plan on sewage management
system must be emphasized as it will ensure promising initiatives towards greener
environment and sustainable campus area.
References
Adrados, B., et al. (2018). Comparison of removal efficiency of pathogenic microbes in four types
of wastewater treatment systems in Denmark. Ecological Engineering, 124, 1–6.
Aksmann, A., & Tukaj, Z. (2004). The effect of anthracene and phenanthrene on the growth, photosynthesis, and SOD activity of the green alga Scenedesmus armatus depends on the PAR irradiance
and CO 2 level. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47(2), 177–184.
Al-Asheh, S., Al-Zoubi, A., & Malas, H. (2013). Removal of nitrate from JUST wastewater effluent:
A case study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(7–9), 1727–1734.
Araneda, M., Pavez, J., Luza, B., & Jeison, D. (2017). Use of activated sludge biomass as an agent
for advanced primary separation. Journal of Environmental Management, 192, 156–162.
A. Z. Yaser and N. N. Safie
using mix species of microalgae has been reported to have the highest contaminants
removal which is up to 100%. This method should be considered to be used as a
method to treat campus sewage as it is cheap, simple application, less maintenance,
and highly effective. At once, this will reduce the cost for campus sewage management. However, microalgae are reported to be vulnerable towards the hazardous
contaminants, light dependent, and affected by the design of the photobioreactor.
Treated sewage from campus has the potential to be reused in irrigation, developing
university landscape, water source for toilet flush and aquaculture. Based on the LCA,
the benefits of using recycled water from campus sewage can override the effect of
recycled water in other categories like terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, global warming potential, particulate matter formation, fossil depletion potential, etc. However,
if it is not properly managed, treated water can deteriorate the soil properties and
lead to significant change in total nitrogen, pH, and heavy metals content in the soil.
It may contain undesirable chemical constituents and pathogens that pose environmental and health risk. As reported, when used for a long term, laboratory reports
revealed that there is a deterioration in microbial quality of the effluent being supplied to the campus. Also, irrigation of crops using treated water has been reported
to have adverse effects on leaf surface area and chlorophyll content. The detection of
chloride hazard and RSC in the soil has made it unsuitable for irrigation of vegetable
crops that will be delivered to the consumers. Nevertheless, the risk of using recycled
water from sewage or municipal wastewater to environmental and health aspects can
be reduced by using tertiary treatment and the cost will be compensated by the cost
reduction in using recycled water from sewage for vegetable irrigation especially in
rural areas. Besides, it is compulsory to outline a standardize legislation for sewage
reuse in university campus that needs to be followed to ensure campus community
safety. Moreover, every university should build a proper sewage management to treat
sewage efficiently so that it can fully be reused in the campus. There is also lack of
awareness on the reusing of treated campus sewage albeit the fact that sewage generated from campus is increasing daily. Lastly, a proper plan on sewage management
system must be emphasized as it will ensure promising initiatives towards greener
environment and sustainable campus area.
References
Adrados, B., et al. (2018). Comparison of removal efficiency of pathogenic microbes in four types
of wastewater treatment systems in Denmark. Ecological Engineering, 124, 1–6.
Aksmann, A., & Tukaj, Z. (2004). The effect of anthracene and phenanthrene on the growth, photosynthesis, and SOD activity of the green alga Scenedesmus armatus depends on the PAR irradiance
and CO 2 level. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47(2), 177–184.
Al-Asheh, S., Al-Zoubi, A., & Malas, H. (2013). Removal of nitrate from JUST wastewater effluent:
A case study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(7–9), 1727–1734.
Araneda, M., Pavez, J., Luza, B., & Jeison, D. (2017). Use of activated sludge biomass as an agent
for advanced primary separation. Journal of Environmental Management, 192, 156–162.