Sewage Treatment in Campus for Recycling Purpose: A Review
233
As in Malaysia, according to the report by Azman et al. (2011), currently, there
is no information on the area of food crops irrigated with wastewater as the Government of Malaysian has yet to have a policy on the reuse of wastewater whether
treated or untreated, for irrigation. However, according to the Sustainability Report
2011 by Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) (2011), the organization has been practicing the reuse of sewage by-products at 13 of their regional plants as an initial effort
to conserving water, energy, and the environment. The reuse of the treated effluent
from their plants is currently confined to internal housekeeping or nonpotable use,
such as STP compound cleaning, vehicles cleaning and watering of plants for landscaping purpose. The treated effluent is also recycled as makeup water for polymer
preparation as well as for water filling for sewer cleaning vehicles for sewer cleaning
maintenance works and clearing of blockages (Indah Water Konsortium 2011).
5 Sewage Recycling in Campus
Recent concerns over public health, environmental protection, and resource recovery
have induced to look at domestic wastewater more as a resource than as a waste. So,
many authorities are not in a position to afford complete treatment of sewage to meet
standards for various reuses. It is therefore necessary to look for a cost-effective
solution for treatment of sewage and wherever possible reuse of treated sewage to
solve.
Water recycling allows communities to address system vulnerabilities resulting
from population growth, drought, diminishing supplies, scarcity, and reliance on a
single water source (Wade Miller 2006). These systems can be centralized, decentralized, or at an intermediate scale, and can be used for a variety of applications
including cooling water for power plants, boiler feed water, industrial process water,
irrigation, or indoor residential and commercial end uses (Makropoulos and Butler
2010).
Recycled water can assist in the water scarcity problem that it could reduce the
water and nutrient usage by 84 and 55% and has become one of the major and less
expensive nonconventional water sources for agriculture which is roughly 20 out of
200 million Ha of irrigated land worldwide (Jaramillo and Restrepo 2017). There
are many areas of recycled water from sewage can be implied for instance vegetable
production (Cirelli et al. 2012), developing the plants, trees, and landscaping works in
the university campus (Ghangrekar et al. 2007) and irrigation water. Due to stringent
treated water quality, the application of recycled sewage water in UMS is focusing
on low levels quality of recycled water to be used in areas which has less human
involvement and direct feed or use.
As aforementioned, recycled water from sewage can be used for developing the
plants, trees, and landscaping works in the university campus. Since most of the
landscape are using clean water for watering the landscape plants, domestic sewage
in the campus can be treated as the supplementary water source for the landscape
water body (Liu et al. 2016). Based on the environmental impacts evaluation done
233
As in Malaysia, according to the report by Azman et al. (2011), currently, there
is no information on the area of food crops irrigated with wastewater as the Government of Malaysian has yet to have a policy on the reuse of wastewater whether
treated or untreated, for irrigation. However, according to the Sustainability Report
2011 by Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) (2011), the organization has been practicing the reuse of sewage by-products at 13 of their regional plants as an initial effort
to conserving water, energy, and the environment. The reuse of the treated effluent
from their plants is currently confined to internal housekeeping or nonpotable use,
such as STP compound cleaning, vehicles cleaning and watering of plants for landscaping purpose. The treated effluent is also recycled as makeup water for polymer
preparation as well as for water filling for sewer cleaning vehicles for sewer cleaning
maintenance works and clearing of blockages (Indah Water Konsortium 2011).
5 Sewage Recycling in Campus
Recent concerns over public health, environmental protection, and resource recovery
have induced to look at domestic wastewater more as a resource than as a waste. So,
many authorities are not in a position to afford complete treatment of sewage to meet
standards for various reuses. It is therefore necessary to look for a cost-effective
solution for treatment of sewage and wherever possible reuse of treated sewage to
solve.
Water recycling allows communities to address system vulnerabilities resulting
from population growth, drought, diminishing supplies, scarcity, and reliance on a
single water source (Wade Miller 2006). These systems can be centralized, decentralized, or at an intermediate scale, and can be used for a variety of applications
including cooling water for power plants, boiler feed water, industrial process water,
irrigation, or indoor residential and commercial end uses (Makropoulos and Butler
2010).
Recycled water can assist in the water scarcity problem that it could reduce the
water and nutrient usage by 84 and 55% and has become one of the major and less
expensive nonconventional water sources for agriculture which is roughly 20 out of
200 million Ha of irrigated land worldwide (Jaramillo and Restrepo 2017). There
are many areas of recycled water from sewage can be implied for instance vegetable
production (Cirelli et al. 2012), developing the plants, trees, and landscaping works in
the university campus (Ghangrekar et al. 2007) and irrigation water. Due to stringent
treated water quality, the application of recycled sewage water in UMS is focusing
on low levels quality of recycled water to be used in areas which has less human
involvement and direct feed or use.
As aforementioned, recycled water from sewage can be used for developing the
plants, trees, and landscaping works in the university campus. Since most of the
landscape are using clean water for watering the landscape plants, domestic sewage
in the campus can be treated as the supplementary water source for the landscape
water body (Liu et al. 2016). Based on the environmental impacts evaluation done