2
A. Z. Yaser
the world’s most important oil crop that produces crude palm oil (CPO) and palm
kernel oil (PKO), respectively. However, the production of a large amount of crude
palm oil (CPO) leads to enormous quantities of wastes. Fortunately, it is interesting
to note that Hidayati et al. (Chap. 5) demonstrated that palm oil waste is feasible to
be blended with clay in the interlocking brick system.
To help in mitigating the effects of global warming, the campus must reduce
its dependence on fossil fuels to produce energy. Food waste and landscape waste
are a readily available source of renewable energy. In this regard, Tajaruddin et al.
reviewed the production chain of refining lignocellulosic biomass, production of
sugar from lignocellulosic biomass during enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation of the produced sugars to bioethanol (Chap. 6). Rahmath et al. (Chap. 7)
reported that production of bioethanol was achieved by fermentation process with
the use of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Valuable products such as bio-coke and
bio-oil can be obtained by pyrolysis/carbonization of landscape wastes. Krishnan
et al. (Chap. 8) evaluated the suitability of landscape wastes for making bio-coke at
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the oldest known processes utilised for the
treatment of organic wastes. The basis of this treatment method is the evolution of
methane via degradation in the absence of oxygen. The numerous advantages of
anaerobic digestion include the low operating costs as minimal chemicals required,
pathogen removal, higher loading rates are possible and the formation of biogas from
the metabolism of more than 90% of organic material. Nevertheless, optimization of
large-scale AD process is still an issue up to now. In order to optimise the process,
Mariani et al. investigated the effects of lipase addition on the biogas production
(Chap. 9). Due to the constant growth of the world’s population, there is a higher
demand for fertilisers, including phosphate salts, to enrich soils. Besides producing
biogas, AD also shows potential in generating phosphate salts. In this book, Newati
et al. (Chap. 10) reported that anaerobic digestion of food waste could recover
phosphorus in the form of struvite with 136 g struvite/g food waste.
Green engineering is introduced so that the engineer would prioritise environmental protection mindset in their design rather solely based on profit. Arif and Mega
(Chap. 11) presented the concept of green engineering as well as green architecture.
Later, they reported the effort of waste management including organic wastes
composting that taking place at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Composting
is a bio-chemical aerobic degradation process of organic waste materials that can
change the organic waste into valuable humus-like end-products called compost.
Besides can reduce organic wastes/food waste to the landfill, the compost can be
utilised as a soil conditioner and can be sold if there is excess production of compost.
In addition, Jayapriya and Jagadeesan (Chap. 12) shared with us the composting
effort using the simple in-vessel system at Anna University, Chennai, India. At
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sariah et al. (Chap. 13) evaluated the composition
of waste produce from Faculty of Engineering cafeteria and then reported that
composting could reduce ~ 46% of the mixture of food waste and landscape waste
in 20 days. Vermicomposting, i.e. compost production using worm as degrader is
A. Z. Yaser
the world’s most important oil crop that produces crude palm oil (CPO) and palm
kernel oil (PKO), respectively. However, the production of a large amount of crude
palm oil (CPO) leads to enormous quantities of wastes. Fortunately, it is interesting
to note that Hidayati et al. (Chap. 5) demonstrated that palm oil waste is feasible to
be blended with clay in the interlocking brick system.
To help in mitigating the effects of global warming, the campus must reduce
its dependence on fossil fuels to produce energy. Food waste and landscape waste
are a readily available source of renewable energy. In this regard, Tajaruddin et al.
reviewed the production chain of refining lignocellulosic biomass, production of
sugar from lignocellulosic biomass during enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation of the produced sugars to bioethanol (Chap. 6). Rahmath et al. (Chap. 7)
reported that production of bioethanol was achieved by fermentation process with
the use of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Valuable products such as bio-coke and
bio-oil can be obtained by pyrolysis/carbonization of landscape wastes. Krishnan
et al. (Chap. 8) evaluated the suitability of landscape wastes for making bio-coke at
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the oldest known processes utilised for the
treatment of organic wastes. The basis of this treatment method is the evolution of
methane via degradation in the absence of oxygen. The numerous advantages of
anaerobic digestion include the low operating costs as minimal chemicals required,
pathogen removal, higher loading rates are possible and the formation of biogas from
the metabolism of more than 90% of organic material. Nevertheless, optimization of
large-scale AD process is still an issue up to now. In order to optimise the process,
Mariani et al. investigated the effects of lipase addition on the biogas production
(Chap. 9). Due to the constant growth of the world’s population, there is a higher
demand for fertilisers, including phosphate salts, to enrich soils. Besides producing
biogas, AD also shows potential in generating phosphate salts. In this book, Newati
et al. (Chap. 10) reported that anaerobic digestion of food waste could recover
phosphorus in the form of struvite with 136 g struvite/g food waste.
Green engineering is introduced so that the engineer would prioritise environmental protection mindset in their design rather solely based on profit. Arif and Mega
(Chap. 11) presented the concept of green engineering as well as green architecture.
Later, they reported the effort of waste management including organic wastes
composting that taking place at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Composting
is a bio-chemical aerobic degradation process of organic waste materials that can
change the organic waste into valuable humus-like end-products called compost.
Besides can reduce organic wastes/food waste to the landfill, the compost can be
utilised as a soil conditioner and can be sold if there is excess production of compost.
In addition, Jayapriya and Jagadeesan (Chap. 12) shared with us the composting
effort using the simple in-vessel system at Anna University, Chennai, India. At
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sariah et al. (Chap. 13) evaluated the composition
of waste produce from Faculty of Engineering cafeteria and then reported that
composting could reduce ~ 46% of the mixture of food waste and landscape waste
in 20 days. Vermicomposting, i.e. compost production using worm as degrader is