2012), each one of them equipped with a combined desk and kitchen table as well as
a single bed, giving “. . .the overall feel of a compact cruise ship cabin.” In contrast,
some European cities offer apartments of more humane sizes. Vienna, for example,
offers Smart Homes in five different apartment sizes ranging from 40 m
2 (one-room
apartment) for singles to 100 m
2 (five rooms) for young families at a monthly
maximum cost of €7.50/m
2 , but renting them still requires additionally a building
cost contribution (Wohnberatung Wien 2018).
13.3.4.5 Smart Water
As water is the basis for all life on earth, “. . .a city cannot be truly smart without
smart water infrastructure” (Harris 2018). The notion “Smart Water” concerns
drinking water and wastewater infrastructure ensuring its effective management
and delivery. A Smart Water system should make it possible to gather usable data
on the flow rate, pressurization, and redistribution of water in a city along with an
accurate usage and prognosis of water consumption (Leinmiller and O’Mara 2013).
A survey by the US Environmental Protection Agency yielded that the drinking
water infrastructure in the USA was basically outdated, requiring upgrades to pipes,
treatment plants, and water distribution systems. According to the American Water
Works Association (AWWA), the modernization of the drinking water infrastructure
would cost over 300 billion of US dollars, because water networks leak ca. six billion
gallons of fresh water per day due to the age of the infrastructure. So, leak detection
by IoT technology can make water systems smarter in the USA (Harris 2018).
Globally, many water networks with aging water infrastructure prone to leakages
had to be updated with IoT technologies, “. . .allowing them to come online and
communicate with other parts of the system and city” (Hitachi 2017). These smart
water systems use IoT-enabled sensors to collect real-time data in favor of the
optimization of water facilities with the purpose to detect possible leaks or to
monitor water distribution across the network. Thus, smart water systems allow
more informed decisions about water management (Hitachi 2017).
In areas affected by drought, the priority is on water preservation, whereas in
areas where water is abounding, the priority is managing storm water and pipe
corrosion (Feblowitz and Fox 2017). Water systems among adjacent buildings
should be shared for optimized local control within the larger water system
(Feblowitz and Fox 2017). Underground garages may be equipped with pumps to
empty water and be used to store water from super storms, thus using existing
infrastructure instead of relying on new capacity or storage investments (Feblowitz
and Fox 2017). Other cities may follow Boston’s example concerning water safety:
Boston is involved in the Water Information Sharing and Analysis Center
(WaterISAC) to keep abreast of possible physical or cyber threats to water supplies
(Feblowitz and Fox 2017).
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a single bed, giving “. . .the overall feel of a compact cruise ship cabin.” In contrast,
some European cities offer apartments of more humane sizes. Vienna, for example,
offers Smart Homes in five different apartment sizes ranging from 40 m
2 (one-room
apartment) for singles to 100 m
2 (five rooms) for young families at a monthly
maximum cost of €7.50/m
2 , but renting them still requires additionally a building
cost contribution (Wohnberatung Wien 2018).
13.3.4.5 Smart Water
As water is the basis for all life on earth, “. . .a city cannot be truly smart without
smart water infrastructure” (Harris 2018). The notion “Smart Water” concerns
drinking water and wastewater infrastructure ensuring its effective management
and delivery. A Smart Water system should make it possible to gather usable data
on the flow rate, pressurization, and redistribution of water in a city along with an
accurate usage and prognosis of water consumption (Leinmiller and O’Mara 2013).
A survey by the US Environmental Protection Agency yielded that the drinking
water infrastructure in the USA was basically outdated, requiring upgrades to pipes,
treatment plants, and water distribution systems. According to the American Water
Works Association (AWWA), the modernization of the drinking water infrastructure
would cost over 300 billion of US dollars, because water networks leak ca. six billion
gallons of fresh water per day due to the age of the infrastructure. So, leak detection
by IoT technology can make water systems smarter in the USA (Harris 2018).
Globally, many water networks with aging water infrastructure prone to leakages
had to be updated with IoT technologies, “. . .allowing them to come online and
communicate with other parts of the system and city” (Hitachi 2017). These smart
water systems use IoT-enabled sensors to collect real-time data in favor of the
optimization of water facilities with the purpose to detect possible leaks or to
monitor water distribution across the network. Thus, smart water systems allow
more informed decisions about water management (Hitachi 2017).
In areas affected by drought, the priority is on water preservation, whereas in
areas where water is abounding, the priority is managing storm water and pipe
corrosion (Feblowitz and Fox 2017). Water systems among adjacent buildings
should be shared for optimized local control within the larger water system
(Feblowitz and Fox 2017). Underground garages may be equipped with pumps to
empty water and be used to store water from super storms, thus using existing
infrastructure instead of relying on new capacity or storage investments (Feblowitz
and Fox 2017). Other cities may follow Boston’s example concerning water safety:
Boston is involved in the Water Information Sharing and Analysis Center
(WaterISAC) to keep abreast of possible physical or cyber threats to water supplies
(Feblowitz and Fox 2017).
222
O. Schwarz-Herion